Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms for High-Throughput Genotyping of Anopheles arabiensis in East and Southern Africa

Y, Lee; Seifert, Stephanie N.; Fornadel, Christen; Norris, Douglas E.; Lanzaro, Gregory C.

doi:10.1603/me11113

Cited by 11 publications

(9 citation statements)

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“…The average frequency of nucleotide variation was reported to be 7 and 12 SNPs per kb for A nopheles funestus and A.aegypti (29,30), respectively. An SNP frequency of ∼17 per kb was recently reported for selected gene fragments of field-captured An opheles arabiensis (31). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Genome of Anopheles darlingi , the main neotropical malaria vector

Marinotti

Cerqueira

Almeida

et al. 2013

Nucleic Acids Research

104

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Anopheles darlingi is the principal neotropical malaria vector, responsible for more than a million cases of malaria per year on the American continent. Anopheles darlingi diverged from the African and Asian malaria vectors ∼100 million years ago (mya) and successfully adapted to the New World environment. Here we present an annotated reference A. darlingi genome, sequenced from a wild population of males and females collected in the Brazilian Amazon. A total of 10 481 predicted protein-coding genes were annotated, 72% of which have their closest counterpart in Anopheles gambiae and 21% have highest similarity with other mosquito species. In spite of a long period of divergent evolution, conserved gene synteny was observed between A. darlingi and A. gambiae. More than 10 million single nucleotide polymorphisms and short indels with potential use as genetic markers were identified. Transposable elements correspond to 2.3% of the A. darlingi genome. Genes associated with hematophagy, immunity and insecticide resistance, directly involved in vector–human and vector–parasite interactions, were identified and discussed. This study represents the first effort to sequence the genome of a neotropical malaria vector, and opens a new window through which we can contemplate the evolutionary history of anopheline mosquitoes. It also provides valuable information that may lead to novel strategies to reduce malaria transmission on the South American continent. The A. darlingi genome is accessible at www.labinfo.lncc.br/index.php/anopheles-darlingi.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

The Genome of Anopheles darlingi , the main neotropical malaria vector

Marinotti

Cerqueira

Almeida

et al. 2013

Nucleic Acids Research

104

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“…gambiae and An. arabiensis populations in Africa, and other pairs of sibling species of Anopheles [ 20 , 32 , 36 , 64 ]. Moreover, intraspecific estimates of genetic differentiation (F ST ) within An.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…arabiensis from the island of Reunion and the African continent, which was attributed to the low effective population size (Ne) on the island [ 32 ]. Lee et al [ 36 ] reported a fixed nucleotide on the X chromosome between populations in East-southern Africa and those in Central Africa .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A genotypically distinct, melanic variant of Anopheles arabiensi s in Sudan is associated with arid environments

Aboud

Makhawi

Verardi

et al. 2014

Malar J

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BackgroundAnopheles arabiensis, an important malaria vector in Sudan and other countries in sub-Saharan Africa, exhibits considerable ecological and behavioural plasticity allowing it to survive in the harsh conditions of arid regions. It has been shown that adult populations of An. arabiensis in the semi-desert habitat of western Khartoum State survive through the long dry season in a state of partial aestivation, characterized by limited feeding activity and a degree of arrested ovarian development. Anopheles arabiensis in these sites occurs in two phenotypic forms. One is large and heavily melanized, the other has the typical characteristics of An. arabiensis as found elsewhere in Africa. The extent of genetic variation in these forms was examined in widely separated locations in Sudan, including Kassala, Gedaref and the Northern States between 1998 and 1999 and 2004 and 2006.MethodsEach mosquito specimen was identified using standard morphological keys and a species-specific PCR test. Sequence variation in a 660 bp fragment of the mtDNA ND5 coding region was examined and the extent of genetic divergence between the forms was estimated from FST values using DNASP version 4.9. TCS 1.13 software was used to determine the genealogical relationships and to reflect clustering among mtDNA haplotypes.ResultsThe melanic and normal forms were found in sympatry in Kassala, Gedaref and Khartoum states, with the melanic form commonest in the hottest and most arid areas. Both forms were encountered in the periods of study: 1998–1999, and 2004–2006. Only ten specimens of An. arabiensis were collected from the Northern State in February 2006, all of which were of the normal form.Based on the ND5 analysis, there was a marked subdivision between the normal and melanic forms (FST = 0.59). Furthermore, the melanic form showed more genetic variability, as measured by haplotype diversity (0.95) compared with the normal form (0.57), suggesting larger effective population.ConclusionsThis is the first demonstration of correspondent phenotypic and genetic structuring in An. arabiensis. The high level of genetic differentiation shown by the mtDNA ND5 locus suggests that the two forms may represent separate species. It is hypothesized that the melanic form is better adapted to hot and arid environments.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1475-2875-13-492) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…For a further comparison of the two different assay platforms see Lee et al. (). We designed the multiplex SNP genotyping assay using the Assay Designer module of the MassARRAY Typer 4.0 software package (Sequenom, San Diego, CA, USA), and conducted PCR reactions using Sequenom iPLEX Gold reagent kits following standard procedures at the Veterinary Genetics Laboratory, University of California‐Davis.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An analysis of two island groups as potential sites for trials of transgenic mosquitoes for malaria control

Marsden

Cornel

et al. 2013

Evolutionary Applications

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Considerable technological advances have been made towards the generation of genetically modified mosquitoes for vector control. In contrast, less progress has been made towards field evaluations of transformed mosquitoes which are critical for evaluating the success of, and hazards associated with, genetic modification. Oceanic islands have been highlighted as potentially the best locations for such trials. However, population genetic studies are necessary to verify isolation. Here, we used a panel of genetic markers to assess for evidence of genetic isolation of two oceanic island populations of the African malaria vector, Anopheles gambiae s.s. We found no evidence of isolation between the Bijagós archipelago and mainland Guinea-Bissau, despite separation by distances beyond the known dispersal capabilities of this taxon. Conversely, the Comoros Islands appear to be genetically isolated from the East African mainland, and thus represent a location worthy of further investigation for field trials. Based on assessments of gene flow within and between the Comoros islands, the island of Grande Comore was found to be genetically isolated from adjacent islands and also exhibited local population structure, indicating that it may be the most suitable site for trials with existing genetic modification technologies.

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Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms for High-Throughput Genotyping of Anopheles arabiensis in East and Southern Africa

Cited by 11 publications

References 43 publications

The Genome of Anopheles darlingi , the main neotropical malaria vector

The Genome of Anopheles darlingi , the main neotropical malaria vector

A genotypically distinct, melanic variant of Anopheles arabiensi s in Sudan is associated with arid environments

An analysis of two island groups as potential sites for trials of transgenic mosquitoes for malaria control

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