Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the Alcohol Dehydrogenase Genes among the 28 Caste and Tribal Populations of India

Reddy, B. Mohan; Reddy, A.N.S.; Nagaraja, T.; Bhaskar, L. V. K. S.; Thangaraj, Kumarasamy; Reddy, Alla G.; Singh, Lalji

doi:10.1080/09723757.2006.11885977

Cited by 8 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…Genetic studies conducted with 28 castes and tribal groups in India have also empirically demonstrated a genetic adaptation to withstand the intoxicant effects of drinking. This is possibly due to the complete absence of African specific ADH2*3 allele in the Indian population (Reddy et al, 2006). This study's findings reveal that married people are more likely to report alcohol use-related problems than unmarried respondents.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Alcohol Use-Related Problems Among a Rural Indian Population of West Bengal: An Application of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)

Barik¹,

Kumar²,

Chowdhury

2015

Alcohol and Alcoholism

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 67%

Alcohol Use-Related Problems Among a Rural Indian Population of West Bengal: An Application of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)

Barik¹,

Kumar²,

Chowdhury

2015

Alcohol and Alcoholism

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“…Therefore, secondary esters are preferable compared with primary or tertiary esters, which are metabolically stable. Fourth, secondary alcohols are metabolized by isoforms of ADH that are not subject to genetic variability –. In contrast, primary alcohols (eg, ethanol) are metabolized by an ADH isoform that has large genetic variation.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feasibility of a Breath Test for Monitoring Adherence to Vaginal Administration of Antiretroviral Microbicide Gels

Morey

Wasdo

Wishin

et al. 2013

The Journal of Clinical Pharma

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Adherence to microbicide gel use is critical to optimizing effectiveness in preventing human immunodeficiency virus transmission. The authors hypothesized that ester taggants added to vaginal gels would generate exhaled alcohol and ketone metabolites and provide a "breath test" for vaginal gel use. This 2-arm (vaginal and dermal), randomized, participant-blinded, pilot study tested this hypothesis. On 8 visits, healthy women (n = 8) received intravaginal taggant (2-butyl acetate, 2-pentyl acetate, isopropyl butyrate, or 2-pentyl butyrate; 30 mg) formulated in hydroxyethylcellulose or tenofovir placebo gel. A second group (n = 4) of women received the same formulations administered dermally on the forearm to determine if skin administration might confound the system. Breath samples were collected using bags before and after taggant administration for 1 hour. Samples were measured using a miniature gas chromatograph and/or gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy for ester taggant, alcohol, and ketone concentrations. After vaginal administration, 2-butyl acetate, 2-pentyl acetate, and metabolites were observed in breath, whereas isopropyl butyrate, 2-pentyl butyrate, and metabolites were not. Some women reported self-resolving, mild burning (24/64 visits) with vaginal administration or a "bubblegum" taste (7/64 visits). No taggants or metabolites were detected following dermal application. A "breath test" for adherence to antiretroviral vaginal gel application appears physiologically and technically feasible.

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Genetic variants in urinary bladder cancer: collective power of the “wimp SNPs”

et al. 2011

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In recent years, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 300 validated associations between genetic variants and risk of approximately 70 common diseases. A small number of rare variants with a frequency of usually less than 1% are associated with a strongly enhanced risk, such as genetic variants of TP53, RB1, BRCA1, and BRCA2. Only a very small number of SNPs (with a frequency of more that 1% of the rare allele) have effects of a factor of two or higher. Examples include APOE4 in Alzheimer's disease, LOXL1 in exfoliative glaucoma, and CFH in age-related macular degeneration. However, the majority of all identified SNPs have odds ratios between 1.1 and 1.5. In the case of urinary bladder cancer, all known SNPs that have been validated in sufficiently large populations are associated with odds ratios smaller than 1.5. These SNPs are located next to the following genes: MYC, TP63, PSCA, the TERT-CLPTM1L locus, FGFR3, TACC3, NAT2, CBX6, APOBEC3A, CCNE1, and UGT1A. It is likely that these moderate risk or "wimp SNPs" interact, and because of their high number, collectively have a strong influence on whether an individual will develop cancer or not. It should be considered that variants identified so far explain only approximately 5-10% of the overall inherited risk. Possibly, the remaining variance is due to an even higher number of SNPs with odds ratios smaller than 1.1. Recent studies have provided the following information: (1) The functions of genes identified as relevant for bladder cancer focus on detoxification of carcinogens, control of the cell cycle and apoptosis, as well as maintenance of DNA integrity. (2) Many novel SNPs are far away from the protein coding regions, suggesting that these SNPs are located on distant-acting transcriptional enhancers. (3) The low odds ratio of each individual bladder cancer-associated SNP is too low to justify reasonable preventive measures. However, if the recently identified SNPs interact, they may collectively result in a substantial risk that is of preventive relevance. In addition to the "novel SNPs" identified by the recent GWAS, at least 163 further variants have been reported in relation to bladder cancer, although they have not been consistently validated in independent case-control series. Moreover, given that only 60 of these 163 "old SNPs" are covered by the SNP chips used in the recent GWAS, there are in principle 103 published variants still awaiting validation or disproval. In future, besides identifying novel disease-associated rare variants by deep sequencing, it will also be important to understand how the already identified variants interact.

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Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms of the Alcohol Dehydrogenase Genes among the 28 Caste and Tribal Populations of India

Cited by 8 publications

References 30 publications

Alcohol Use-Related Problems Among a Rural Indian Population of West Bengal: An Application of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)

Alcohol Use-Related Problems Among a Rural Indian Population of West Bengal: An Application of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT)

Feasibility of a Breath Test for Monitoring Adherence to Vaginal Administration of Antiretroviral Microbicide Gels

Genetic variants in urinary bladder cancer: collective power of the “wimp SNPs”

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