Single particle and inorganic characterization of rainwater collected above the North Sea

Jambers, Wendy; Dekov, Vesselin M.; Grieken, R. Van

doi:10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00477-0

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Above the North Sea, ten percent of rainwater particles (wet deposition) contained detectable heavy metals and this fraction was expected to increase over-land due to terrestrial sources (Jambers et al, 2000). Resuspension by Los Angeles Interstate 405 significantly increased atmospheric particle numbers and metal concentrations, however both returned to urban background levels via dry deposition within 100-150 m of the highway (Sabin et al, 2006).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size dependent elemental composition of road-associated particles

McKenzie

Wong

Green

et al. 2008

Science of The Total Environment

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Stormwater particles often provide transport for metals and other contaminants, however only larger particles are effectively removed by typical best management practices. Fine particles and their associated constituents are more likely to reach receiving waters; this merits further investigation regarding the metal contribution of fine (d p <10 μm) and very fine (d p <1.5 μm) particles. Road associated particles were collected by vacuuming a road surface and by collecting highway stormwater runoff. A cell sorter was employed to sort road associated particles into four size ranges: 0.1-0.3, 0.3-0.5, 0.5-1.0, and 1.0-1.5 μm. These very fine particles, along with six particle size ranges (total range <2-63 μm) separated using a settling column, were analyzed for Al, Mn, Fe, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Enrichment factors (EFs), calculated using Al as a basis to represent crustal contributions, were similar for the vacuumed road dust and the stormwater runoff. Fe and Mn were minimally depleted (0.1x) or near Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. unity for all size ranges (Fe EF range 0.01-3.7; Mn EF range 0.02-10.6). Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb were moderately (10x) to considerably (>100x) enriched for most size ranges; these metals were most enriched in the very fine fractions (max EF~4900 in Zn, 0.1-0.3 μm). Based on this preliminary study, a cell sorter is an acceptable means of fractionating aqueous particles of diameter 0.1-1.5 μm. In spite of their minimal relative mass contribution, the very fine particles are environmentally relevant due to their mobility and enrichment in potentially toxic metals.. NIH Public Access

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Size dependent elemental composition of road-associated particles

McKenzie

Wong

Green

et al. 2008

Science of The Total Environment

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“…O cobre encontra-se, geralmente, presente no material particulado com diâmetro aerodinâmico entre 1-5 µm. 6,7 Por outro lado, a deposição úmida retira da atmosfera o material particulado e, para certos metais traços, este mecanismo é de extrema importância para muitos ecossistemas. Fenômenos como a acidificação dos solos, das superfícies aquáticas e de lençóis freáticos ocasionados pela "chuva ácida" podem influenciar como estas espécies são distribuídas e acumuladas através dos compartimentos de um ecossistema.…”

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Avaliação de metais traços e íons majoritários em águas de chuva na cidade de São Paulo

Fontenele¹,

Pedrotti²,

Fornaro³

2009

Quím. Nova

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Recebido em 30/1/08; aceito em 22/10/08; publicado na web em 2/4/09 EVALUATION introdução Nas áreas metropolitanas o problema da degradação da qualidade do ar tem-se constituído numa das mais graves ameaças à qualidade de vida de seus habitantes. Na Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), um dos maiores aglomerados urbanos do mundo, as fontes de contaminação do ar atmosférico são relacionadas a processos industriais e à intensa frota de veículos leves e pesados. Entretanto, nos últimos anos a queima de combustíveis pela frota veicular tem sido considerada a principal fonte de poluentes atmosféricos. Estimase que em 2003, 1/3 do total de 7,5 milhões de veículos circulavam diariamente na RMSP. Esta frota veicular contribuiu com mais de 90% das emissões de monóxido de carbono (CO), hidrocarbonetos, óxidos de nitrogênio (NO e NO 2 ) e mais de 40% das emissões de dióxido de enxofre (SO 2 ) e material particulado (MP). 1Presentes no material particulado, os metais traços, como cád-mio, chumbo e cobre, merecem atenção especial devido à elevada toxicidade sobre os organismos, ocasionando efeitos danosos em longo prazo.2 A emissão atmosférica destas espécies está amplamente relacionada com processos antrópicos que utilizam altas temperaturas, como queima de combustíveis fósseis, e também devido ao desgaste de peças de veículos. Outras possíveis fontes são incineração de resíduos, fundições, produção de aço e metais não-ferrosos, indústrias de cimento e de pigmentos.2-4 Neste sentido, estudos de avaliação do inventário de emissões de poluentes atmosféricos pela frota veicular de São Paulo, a partir de experimentos em túneis, mostraram que em média os veículos são responsáveis pela emissão de 14 µg km -1 de chumbo e por 261 µg km -1 de cobre. Historicamente, a utilização do chumbo como aditivo na gasolina resultou em um incremento nas emissões atmosféricas deste metal nos anos 40. Porém, desde o início dos anos 70, tem havido um esforço contínuo para a diminuição do chumbo na gasolina, gerado pelas preocupações relacionadas com os efeitos à saúde humana. Sendo que, no Brasil, o uso do etanol anidro na gasolina permitiu o banimento definitivo do chumbo a partir de 1993. Ademais, esta medida possibilitou o início de uso de catalisadores automotivos reduzindo-se assim a emissão de monóxido de carbono, hidrocarbonetos e óxidos de nitrogênio. 1,5 Outro aspecto a ser considerado em relação aos metais traços é que nos ciclos biogeoquímicos, a atmosfera é um compartimento de suma importância devido ao transporte destas espécies, sendo a deposição atmosférica considerada fonte significativa de metais tó-xicos para os ecossistemas naturais, como o solo e as superfícies de lagos e oceanos. Adicionalmente, as características físicas e químicas do aerossol, como tamanho da partícula, pressão de vapor e solubilidade em água, determinarão o processo pelo qual estas espécies serão removidas. Importante observar que Pb e Cd se apresentam, predominantemente, na fração fina (d < 2,5 µm), que corresponde ao material particulado que atinge...

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“…We used a certified reference material solution for trace metals, Saint-Laurent River Surface (SLRS-4) from National Research Council (NRC, Canada), as an environmental multi-element sample which covers a great number of elements dispersed on a large concentration range, as observed for atmospheric waters [5,6,7,8,9,10].…”

Section: Calibration Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This ranges from the chemical quality of rain and snow to its effect on the marine and continental biosphere [1,2,3]. A major thread running through all the works is the study of global pathways and transport processes of trace metals, in particular heavy metals and toxic trace metals into the environment [4,5,6,7,8,9,10]. The determination of these elements requires analysis at trace or ultra-trace levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Figures of merit of pneumatic and ultrasonic sample introduction systems in inductively coupled plasma–multichannel-based emission spectrometry in an ultra-clean environment

2003

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Conventional figures of merit such as limits of detection, signal to background ratio or repeatability, are used to determine the performance of pneumatic and ultrasonic sample introduction systems in an ultra-clean environment with an axially viewed inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry and multichannel detection. We observed that the ultrasonic nebuliser offered a large improvement of signal intensity (10-133 greater) compared to a cyclone chamber coupled with a pneumatic Meinhard nebuliser. This improvement is associated with an average increase of signal to background ratio by a factor 86 and an average decrease of detection limits by a factor 6. The improvement factors generally depend on the element and for the same element on spectral lines. Typically, the observed values of detection limits in this work are lower than those published and obtained in non-ultra-clean conditions. The results emphasize that the environmental conditions of cleaning and analysis are essential to avoid and control cross contamination of the samples and hence to obtain low detection limits.

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Single particle and inorganic characterization of rainwater collected above the North Sea

Cited by 18 publications

References 23 publications

Size dependent elemental composition of road-associated particles

Size dependent elemental composition of road-associated particles

Avaliação de metais traços e íons majoritários em águas de chuva na cidade de São Paulo

Figures of merit of pneumatic and ultrasonic sample introduction systems in inductively coupled plasma–multichannel-based emission spectrometry in an ultra-clean environment

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