Single Particle Motion in One-Dimensional Pinning Potentials

Abstract

Subject classification: 74.60. Ge; For different fields and temperatures, in terms of 1D overdamped Brownian motion, the voltagecurrent characteristics E-J, the current dependence of resistivity r and broadening in the temperature dependence of r have been investigated in a single particle description by solving the Langevin-type stochastic equation of motion for sinusoidally varying pinning potential. The same calculations have been also applied for the logarithmic pinning potential and it has been obtained that the results of both calculations give reasonable agreements with the experimental observations.

The place of Shi’i clerics in the first Iranian constitution

“…Further, this Ottoman article contained a provision for the protection of religious minorities, which affirmed that the Ottoman state would ''protect the free exercise of faiths professed in the empire.'' 13 Similarly, Article 37 of the Bulgarian Constitution stated that Eastern Orthodox Christianity was the state religion. Here again, provisions were added to safeguard the rights of religious minorities.…”

“…17 Under the Ottoman Constitution (Articles 4 and 11), the sultan retained the functions of both king and caliph, and was responsible for carrying out the shari'a as well as other laws. 13 Thus, despite attempts to limit the powers of the religious establishment, the Iranian Constitution ultimately exceeded all its predecessors, including the Ottoman and Bulgarian constitutions, in the degree to which it upheld clerical authority as an independent source of power and a body of clerics to oversee the actions of Parliament. 18 Why did this happen, despite all the attempts by the liberal constitutionalists to produce a more democratic document?…”