“…To mitigate limitations in imaging through or within smoky scattering media, numerous researchers have conducted studies on anti-smoke interference imaging from the spatial distribution [6][7][8] , polarization properties [9][10][11] , and temporal distribution [12,13] of scattered photons. Currently, several studies have investigated three-dimensional single-photon imaging through different types of atmospheric obscurants, including defogging based on optical system design [14][15][16] , photon-efficient imaging algorithms [17][18][19] , and establishment of smoke scattering models [20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29] . However, an increase in smoke attenuation coefficient can lead to an increase in the number of scattered photons, causing a mixture of target reflected photons and scattered photons, which reduces the signal-to-noise ratio of the target.…”