Single-shot velocity mapping by rewinding of velocity encoding with Echo-Planar Imaging

Abstract

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Opportunities for Characterizing Geological Flows Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging

“…Most MRI measurements of flow have involved imaging liquid, since liquid has better signal-to-noise ratio than gas and more favorable and tunable relaxation times than solids. Measurements of flow in liquid have included single phase flow in open pipes ( Li et al., 1994 ), the human body ( Joseph et al., 2020 ), and viscometers ( Serial et al., 2019 ); flow through porous media including rock cores ( Mitchell et al., 2013 ) and multiphase flows, such as droplets of water falling through air ( Figure 3 A) ( Amar et al., 2010 ; Han et al., 2001 ); flow induced by gaseous bubbles rising through liquid ( Tayler et al., 2012b ), as well as gas-liquid ( Figure 3 E) ( Sankey et al., 2009 ) and liquid-liquid ( Valiullin and Furó, 2001 ) flow through porous media. Flows have been measured in laminar ( Reci et al., 2018 ) and turbulent ( Kose, 1991 ; Li et al., 1994 ) regimes, measuring averaged velocity ( Sederman et al., 2004 ), velocity distribution ( Elkins and Alley, 2007 ), and diffusion tensors ( Kärger et al., 1988 ) as well as diffusion of solutes ( Bray et al., 2016 ).…”