Single-Stage Microwave-Assisted Coconut-Shell-Based Activated Carbon for Removal of Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) from Aqueous Solution: Optimization and Batch Studies

Abstract

This research aims to optimize preparation conditions of coconut-shell-based activated carbon (CSAC) and to evaluate its adsorption performance in removing POP of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). The CSAC was prepared by activating the coconut shell via single-stage microwave heating under carbon dioxide, CO2 flow. The total pore volume, BET surface area, and average pore diameter of CSAC were 0.420 cm3/g, 625.61 m2/g, and 4.55 nm, respectively. The surface of CSAC was negatively charged shown by the zeta potential study. Response surface methodology (RSM) revealed that the optimum preparation conditions in preparing CSAC were 502 W and 6 min for radiation power and radiation time, respectively, which corresponded to 84.83% of DDT removal and 37.91% of CSAC’s yield. Adsorption uptakes of DDT were found to increase with an increase in their initial concentration. Isotherm study revealed that DDT-CSAC adsorption system was best described by the Langmuir model with monolayer adsorption capacity, Qm of 14.51 mg/g. The kinetic study confirmed that the pseudo-second-order model fitted well with this adsorption system. In regeneration studies, the adsorption efficiency had slightly dropped from 100% to 83% after 5 cycles. CSAC was found to be economically feasible for commercialization owing to its low production cost and high adsorption capacity.

Production of activated carbon from date palm stones by hydrothermal carbonization and microwave assisted KOH/NaOH mixture activation for dye adsorption

“…This dye dissolves in water and generates negative ions that are attracted to the partially positive side of the polar molecules of water, which makes it difficult to remove it from water during treatment 8 ; owing to the harmful effects caused by RBBR, various technologies, such as membrane filtration, chemical precipitation, coagulation-flocculation and adsorption, have been developed and employed to treat wastewater containing dyes 9 . Adsorption using activated carbon (AC) is among the most versatile technologies as it can removes a variety of contaminants, including synthetic dyes 10 – 13 , heavy metals 14 , 15 , phenolic compounds 16 , pesticides 17 and other organic compounds. Moreover, this method is relatively inexpensive, and AC can be derived from various biomass wastes, including water hyacinth 18 , algae 19 , coconut shell 20 , apple waste 21 , andiroba shell 22 , durian peel 23 , tea residue 24 , pine sawdust 25 , and herbaceous plants 26 , among others.…”

Single‐Stage Optimized Microwave‐Induced Activated Carbon from Coconut Shell for Cadmium Adsorption

“…One of the most promising methods for wastewater treatment is the adsorption process using activated carbon (AC) [3]. Besides being simple in design, another supremacy of AC is its versatility in treating wide ranges of pollutants, namely, dyes [4][5][6], heavy metals [7], pesticides [8], antibiotic [9], and many more. For the past two decades, researchers are more interested to use agrowaste as AC precursor such as acacia sawdust [4] pomegranate peel [10], peanut shell [11], and Alpinia galanga stem [12].…”

Performance of Gas-Phase Toluene by Adsorption onto Activated Carbon Prepared from Robinia Pseudoacacia L. as Lignocellulosic Material

“…Lignocellulosic materials such as Tamarix hispida, Diplotaxis harra, Glebionis coronaria L., apricot kernels, date palm seed, and coconut shells are plentiful, and many investigations have been used to prepare activated carbon [30][31][32][33][34][35]. Many raw materials have been employed to manufacture diverse materials due to their lignocellulosic biomass [36][37][38].…”