Single‐Step Tabletop Fabrication for Low‐Attenuation Terahertz Special Optical Fibers

Islam, Md. Saiful; Sultana, Jakeya; Osório, Jonas H.; Dinovitser, Alex; Ng, Brian W.-H.; Benabid, Fetah; Ebendorff‐Heidepriem, Heike; Abbott, Derek; Cordeiro, Cristiano M. B.

doi:10.1002/adpr.202100165

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…Much can still be done to reduce losses further, both by lowering the loss of the cladding materials or by tailoring the coupled strand resonances . We believe this will enable these structures to serve as flexible waveguides for constructing modular terahertz sensors and circuits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ratio L 1/2 LC / L 1/2 G is thus the relevant intensity figure of merit: Note that this FOM can be computed directly from a light cage’s w 0 (e.g., from the data in Figure ) and via the propagation loss (e.g., from the data in Figure ). As a first analysis, Figure c shows the calculated FOM as a function of the typical values of (which could be tuned via the geometry or material) and for three relevant values w 0 = λ/2 (yellow), w 0 = λ (blue), or w 0 = 2λ (red). As expected, this FOM suggests that well-confined light cage modes (low w 0 ) with low losses (low ) are favored over free space.…”

Section: Figures Of Meritmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the fact that our design uses absorbing materials and a single hexagonal array of single strands, this first analysis already points to the potential of terahertz light cages for improving the phase-sensing capabilities of free-space beams while benefiting from the convenience of reconfigurable waveguides. Future efforts will be directed at lowering the propagation losses either by using less-absorbing materials as printing polymers (e.g., Zeonex 65 ) or tailoring the geometry (e.g., by varying the strand diameters 66 or adding additional external strands 46 ).…”

Section: ■ Figures Of Meritmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Finally, we introduced two new figures of merit for quantifying the benefit of light cages over free space, which account for the trade off between losses due to propagation and diffraction and reveal the potential for terahertz light cages to improve the sensing capabilities of commonly used free-space beams, thereby providing a valuable benchmark for future designs. Much can still be done to reduce losses further, both by lowering the loss of the cladding materials 65 or by tailoring the coupled strand resonances. 66 We believe this will enable these structures to serve as flexible waveguides for constructing modular terahertz sensors and circuits.…”

Section: ■ Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Flexible Terahertz Photonic Light-Cage Modules for In-Core Sensing and High Temperature Applications

et al. 2022

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Terahertz technology is a growing and multidisciplinary research field, particularly in applications relating to sensing and telecommunications. A number of terahertz waveguides have emerged over the past few years, which are set to complement the capabilities of existing and bulky free-space setups. In most terahertz waveguide designs, however, the guiding region is physically separated from the surroundings, making any interaction between the guided light and the environment inefficient. Here, we present photonic terahertz light cages (THzLCs) operating at terahertz frequencies, consisting of freestanding dielectric strands, which guide light within a central hollow core with immediate access to the environment. We experimentally show the versatility and design flexibility of this concept by 3Dprinting several cm-length-scale modules on the basis of a single design, using four different polymer and ceramic materials, which are either rigid, flexible, or resistant to high temperatures. We characterize both propagation and bend losses for straight and curved waveguides, which, in the range 0.25−0.7 THz, are of order ∼1 dB/cm in the former and ∼2−8 dB/cm in the latter for bend radii below 10 cm and are largely independent of the chosen material. Our transmission experiments are complemented by near-field measurements at the waveguide output, which reveal the antiresonant guidance for straight THzLCs and a deformed fundamental mode in the bent waveguides, in agreement with numerical conformal mapping simulation models. We show that these THzLCs can be used as (i) flexible, reconfigurable, and bendable modular assemblies; (ii) in-core sensors of resonant structures contained directly inside the hollow core; or (iii) high-temperature waveguide sensors, with potential applications in industrial monitoring and sensing. Finally, we introduce and discuss appropriate figures of merit for quantifying the performance of light cage guidance with respect to free-space propagation. The 3D-printed light cages presented are a novel and useful addition to the growing library of terahertz waveguides, marrying the waveguidelike advantages of reconfigurable, diffractionless propagation with the free-space-like immediacy of direct exposure to the surrounding environment. KEYWORDS: terahertz photonics, hollow core waveguide, 3D printing, terahertz spectroscopy, antiresonant guidance, figure of merit ■ INTRODUCTIONRecent years have been marked by a rapid development in sources, detectors, and waveguides operating in the terahertz frequency range (∼0.1−10 THz), a range which has the unique capability of serving a number of far-reaching and diverse applications areas. 1,2 These areas include sensing and spectroscopy (e.g., of gases, 3 molecules, 4 or DNA 5,6 ), imaging and security, 7−9 pharmaceutical research, 10 broadband wireless communication (6G), 11 and industrial applications. 12 The significance and history of systems operating in this frequency range are broadly appreciated, 13 but even as the number of THz sources and detectors...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Figures Of Meritmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Figures Of Meritmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ■ Conclusionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Flexible Terahertz Photonic Light-Cage Modules for In-Core Sensing and High Temperature Applications

et al. 2022

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show abstract

“…Much can still be done to reduce losses further, both by lowering the loss of the cladding materials 59 or by tailoring the coupled strand resonances. 60 We believe this will enable these structures to serve as flexible waveguides for constructing modular terahertz sensors and circuits.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible terahertz photonic light-cage modules for in-core sensing and high temperature applications

Stefani¹,

Kuhlmey²,

Digweed³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Terahertz technology is a growing and multi-disciplinary research field, particularly in applications relating to sensing and telecommunications. A number of terahertz waveguides have emerged over the past few years, which are set to complement the capabilities of existing and bulky free space setups. In most terahertz waveguide designs however, the guiding region is physically separated from the surroundings, making any interaction between the guided light and the environment inefficient. Here we present photonic terahertz light cages (THzLCs) operating at terahertz frequencies, consisting of free-standing dielectric strands, which guide light within a central hollow core with immediate access to the environment. We experimentally show the versatility and design flexibility of this concept, by 3D-printing several cm-length-scale modules on the basis of a single design, using four different polymer-and ceramic-materials, which are either rigid, flexible, or resistant to high temperatures.We characterize both propagation-and bend-losses for straight-and curved-waveguides, which are of order ∼1 dB/cm in the former, and ∼2-8 dB/cm in the latter for bend radii below 10 cm, and largely independent of the chosen material. Our transmission experiments are complemented by near-field measurements at the waveguide output, which reveal the antiresonant guidance for straight THzLCs, and a deformed fundamental mode in the bent waveguides, in agreement with numerical conformal mapping simulation models. We show that these THzLCs can be used either as: (i) flexible, reconfigurable, and bendable modular assemblies; (ii) in-core sensors of resonant structures contained directly inside the hollow core; (iii) high-temperature waveguide sensors, with potential applications in industrial monitoring and sensing. The 3D-printed light cages presented are a novel and useful addition to the growing library of terahertz waveguides, marrying the waveguide-like advantages of reconfigurable, diffractionless propagation, with the free-space-like immediacy of direct exposure to the surrounding environment.

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Ultra-high negative dispersion compensating circular–shaped PCF with highly birefringent and nonlinear characteristics for optical applications

Srinivasan¹,

Radhakrishnan²,

Mohammadd

et al. 2022

Opt Quant Electron

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Single‐Step Tabletop Fabrication for Low‐Attenuation Terahertz Special Optical Fibers

Cited by 4 publications

References 81 publications

Flexible Terahertz Photonic Light-Cage Modules for In-Core Sensing and High Temperature Applications

Flexible Terahertz Photonic Light-Cage Modules for In-Core Sensing and High Temperature Applications

Flexible terahertz photonic light-cage modules for in-core sensing and high temperature applications

Ultra-high negative dispersion compensating circular–shaped PCF with highly birefringent and nonlinear characteristics for optical applications

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