Single-Use Disposable Electrochemical Label-Free Immunosensor for Detection of Glycated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Using Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)

Abstract

Abstract:A single-use disposable in vitro electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of HbA1c in undiluted human serum using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was developed. A three-electrode configuration electrochemical biosensor consisted of 10-nm-thin gold film working and counter electrodes and a thick-film printed Ag/AgCl reference electrode was fabricated on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. Micro-fabrication techniques including sputtering vapor deposition and thick-film printing were used to fabricate the biosensor. This was a roll-to-roll cost-effective manufacturing process making the single-use disposable in vitro HbA1c biosensor a reality. Self-assembled monolayers of 3-Mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) were employed to covalently immobilize anti-HbA1c on the surface of gold electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the excellent coverage of MPA-SAM and the upward orientation of carboxylic groups. The hindering effect of HbA1c on the ferricyanide/ferrocyanide electron transfer reaction was exploited as the HbA1c detection mechanism. The biosensor showed a linear range of 7.5-20 µg/mL of HbA1c in 0.1 M PBS. Using undiluted human serum as the test medium, the biosensor presented an excellent linear behavior (R 2 = 0.999) in the range of 0.1-0.25 mg/mL of HbA1c. The potential application of this biosensor for in vitro measurement of HbA1c for diabetic management was demonstrated.

A Simple, Cost-Effective Sensor for Detecting Lead Ions in Water Using Under-Potential Deposited Bismuth Sub-Layer with Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)

“…The EIS study of this pretreated sensor showed excellent reproducibility as reported in our other studies. [11,12] …”

“…The purpose of pretreatment was to minimize the electrode charge transfer resistance, thereby improving the sensitivity and the reproducibility of the sensor. This pretreatment procedure was based on other reported investigation [9,10] as well as in our own previous studies [11,12]. Typically, a batch of 8 thin gold film based sensors were immersed in a 2M KOH solution for 15min.…”

“…The working electrode area was 1.54 mm 2 accommodating 10-25 µL of liquid test sample. Details of the design and fabrication of this platform thin gold-film based sensor were given elsewhere [10,11].…”

Detection of 17 β-estradiol in Environmental Estrogen Pollution and in Women’s Health Care Using a Single-Use, Cost Effective Biosensor Based on Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)

“…This platform biosensor had been successfully used in the detection of other biomarkers, such as lysyl oxidase like-2, LOXL2, of metastasis of breast cancer (31), hemoglobin A1c, HbA1c, of diabetes (32) and T-Tau of neurodegenerative disorder (33), and the details of the fabrication of the biosensor were given elsewhere (31)(32)(33). This biosensor used a three-electrode configuration.…”

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“…Also, there are various nanomaterials like gold nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes (CNT), Core-shell magnetic bionanoparticles, Nitrogen doped grapheme etc [71][72][73][74][75][76][77], which can be used in constructing an electrochemical sensor as well as other different type of biosensors for example microfluidic, optical for the detection of glycated hemoglobin. So a comparison of nanomaterials based sensing devices for the detection of HbA1c has also been briefed in Table 3.…”