Single-Use Fluidic Electrochemical Paper-Based Analytical Devices Fabricated by Pen Plotting and Screen-Printing for On-Site Rapid Voltammetric Monitoring of Pb(II) and Cd(II)

Abstract

This work reports the fabrication of integrated electrochemical fluidic paper-based analytical devices (ePADs) using a marker pen drawing and screen-printing. Electrodes were deposited on paper using screen-printing with conductive carbon ink. Then, the desired fluidic patterns were formed on the paper substrate by drawing with a commercial hydrophobic marker pen using an inexpensive computer-controlled x-y plotter. The working electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry and scanning electron microscopy. The analytical utility of the electrochemical PADs is demonstrated through electrochemical determination of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by anodic stripping voltammetry. For this purpose, the sample was mixed with a buffer solution and a Bi(III) solution, applied to the test zone of the PAD, the metals were preconcentrated as a bismuth alloy on the electrode surface and oxidized by applying an anodic potential scan. The proposed manufacturing approach enables the large-scale fabrication of fit-for-purpose disposable PADs at low cost which can be used for rapid on-site environmental monitoring.

Molecularly imprinted polymer-based electrochemical sensors for food contaminants determination

“…Up to now, automated systems for MIP NPs synthesis have been reported [63e65], allowing for high-throughput production. Recently, several protocols of electrode printing with conductive inks were proposed [66,67]. Combining these two approaches, i.e., suspending MIP NPs into conductive inks, would enable easy and inexpensive production of single-use selective electrodes by simple printing on a paper support.…”

Electrochemical Detection of Heavy Metals Based on Nanostructured, or Film-Modified Paper Electrodes

“…Another full paper-based electrode modified with bismuth film was developed by D. Soulis. In this report, the channels for fluid flow were marked by a pen instead of melted wax and combined with a graphite screen-printed electrochemical cell for the determination of Pb (II) and Cd (II) [29]. Here, instead of forming the bismuth film in a procedure apart from measuring the sample or what it can be called in a "ex situ" way, bismuth and heavy metals were stored in the same solution.…”