Oxidative stress leads to membrane lipid peroxidation, which yields products causing variable degrees of detrimental oxidative modifications in cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are the key regulators in this process and induce lipid peroxidation in Escherichia coli. Application of nonthermal (cold) plasma is increasingly used for inactivation of surface contaminants. Recently, we reported a successful application of nonthermal plasma, using a floating-electrode dielectric-barrier discharge (FE-DBD) technique for rapid inactivation of bacterial contaminants in normal atmospheric air (S. G. Joshi et al., Am. J. Infect. Control 38:293-301, 2010). In the present report, we demonstrate that FE-DBD plasma-mediated inactivation involves membrane lipid peroxidation in E. coli. Dose-dependent ROS, such as singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide-like species generated during plasma-induced oxidative stress, were responsible for membrane lipid peroxidation, and ROS scavengers, such as ␣-tocopherol (vitamin E), were able to significantly inhibit the extent of lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage. These findings indicate that this is a major mechanism involved in FE-DBD plasma-mediated inactivation of bacteria.Nonthermal (cold) dielectric-barrier discharge (DBD) atmospheric-pressure plasma is widely under investigation for use as an alternative sterilization and disinfection method in the fields of biology and medicine. Most recently, we demonstrated that Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in both their planktonic form and in biofilms are rapidly inactivated by nonthermal DBD plasma using a floating-electrode technique (11). Complete inactivation of E. coli was seen in less than 120 s when E. coli was present in its planktonic form, and complete inactivation occurred in about 180 s when it was in the biofilm form, making this technique attractive for sterilization processes. E. coli is one of the most common Gram-negative bacterial contaminants responsible for hospital-acquired infections (HAI) and one of the most widely studied organisms in the laboratory and therefore is a good choice to track various oxidative-stress pathways.A DBD plasma-generating probe is an apparatus that generates microsecond-long, high-voltage-pulsed cold plasma between the primary electrode covered with a quartz surface and the surface of the biological sample, which serves as a second electrode. The high-voltage electrode is completely covered with a dielectric barrier, which makes it safe for sterilization applications, and the nature of the applied microsecond pulses do not elevate the surface temperature above 28°C. In the floating-electrode DBD (FE-DBD) plasma setup, the second electrode (biological sample) is not grounded and remains at a floating potential. Discharge ignites when the powered electrode approaches the surface to be treated at a distance (discharge gap) less than about 3 mm, depending on the form, duration, and polarity of the driving voltage, and it is safe to apply...