Singular effects of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 or Saccharomyces cerevisiae type 1 on the growth, gut morphology, immunity, and stress resistance of red sea bream (Pagrus major)

Abstract

The beneficial effects of Bacillus subtilis C-3102 and Saccharomyces cerevisiae type 1 were tested in red sea bream (Pagrus major) feeds. A basal diet (control) and two other diets were prepared by supplementation with B. subtilis C-3102 (PB) or S. cerevisiae type 1 (PY). After 60 days, both probiotic-supplemented groups exhibited significant enhancement in growth performance, the protein efficiency ratio (PER), and digestive enzyme secretion (protease and amylase) compared to the control group (P<0.05). The anterior, middle, and posterior parts of the intestines exhibited significantly increased values of intestinal fold height (hF), enterocyte height (hE), and microvillus height (hMV) in fish fed PB- or PY-supplemented diets (P<0.05). Serum peroxidase, anti-protease, and bactericidal activities were enhanced significantly in both probiotic-treated groups compared to the control group (P<0.05). Serum and mucus lysozyme activities improved significantly in the PB group compared to the control group (P<0.05). Catalase activity was also significantly decreased in both probiotic groups, with relatively lower activity observed in the PY group (P<0.05). Both probiotic groups showed increased tolerance considerably to freshwater exposure (P<0.05). In conclusion, B. subtilis C-3102 and S. cerevisiae type 1 can be used as functional probiotics to enhance the growth performance, digestion capacity, gut morphology, immune response, and stress resistance of the red sea bream with relatively higher efficiency by B. subtilis C-3102.

The influences ofBacillus subtilisC‐3102 inclusion in the red sea bream diet containing high levels of soybean meal on growth performance, gut morphology, blood health, immune response, digestibility, digestive enzymes, and stress resistance

“…Fish fed on 500 g kg −1 FM replacement level and supplemented with B. subtilis had the highest peroxidase enzyme activity compared with all other groups. This confirms the probiotic strain's immunostimulant characteristics in red sea bream and is consistent with earlier studies on its involvement in immunological status enhancement (Aly et al, 2008;Dawood et al, 2016;Zaineldin et al, 2018;Zaineldin et al, 2021).…”

“…The main alterations in probiotic-supplemented fish were longer villi folds, higher enterocytes, and greater microvillus levels, which enhance the local intestinal immunity and increase the villi absorption surface to absorb nutrients more efficiently (Caspary, 1992). This result agreed with previous research that examined the role of probiotic bacteria in improving the intestinal health of aquatic animals such as in bullfrog (Lithobates catesbeianus) (Lin et al, 2020), whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) (Won et al, 2020), gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata L.) (Cerezuela et al, 2013), and red sea bream (Pagrus major) (Zaineldin et al, 2021), showing a link between morphology of the intestine and digestive function (Aly et al, 2008).…”

“…Other amino acids, including glycine and taurine, which are plentiful in animal proteins but lacking in plant proteins, play essential roles in many metabolic processes, and a shortage of them in a reduced FM diet may impair growth performance. We attempted to obtain similar AA profiles between the control (FM diet) a feed supplement can promote growth by altering growth indices such as final weight, WG, SGR, FCR, and FI in Oreochromis niloticus (He et al, 2013), koi carp (Ringø, 2011), and red sea bream (Zaineldin et al, 2018(Zaineldin et al, , 2021. This study also showed that a diet containing up to 750 g kg −1 plant protein with BSC-3102 inclusion displayed equivalent growth performance to the control group.…”

“…The distinction in our study is that the plant-based meals were supplemented with B. subtilis. Several investigations on probiotic supplementation of standard FM diets in red sea bream have yielded generally favourable growth results (Zaineldin et al, 2018(Zaineldin et al, , 2021. Following the fermentation process, there has also been a success with probiotic administration of plant protein diets with just 300 g kg −1 FM substitution in red sea bream (Dossou et al, 2018a(Dossou et al, , 2018b.…”

Analysis of the Productivity, Immunity, and Health Performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Broodstock-fed Dietary Fermented Extracts Sourced from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Hilyses): A Field Trial

“…Gut health is considered the main factor that could affect the growth, reproductive performance, and immune status of aquatic animals [ 42 , 43 ]. Histological findings of the intestinal tract showed an improvement in intestinal microstructure in terms of increased fold height, enterocyte height and microvilli length, as well as the number of goblet cells in the Hilyses-treated group compared to the control group.…”