“…More specific contemporary middle class African development literature has focused on four main themes, namely, the: measurement of the middle class (Resnick, 2015a(Resnick, , 2015bCheeseman, 2015;Mattes, 2015;Shimeles & Ncube, 2015;Tschirley et al, 2015;Thurlow et al, 2015); relationship between the middle class and economic growth (Tschirley et al, 2015;Handley, 2015); nexus between governance and the middle class (Mattes, 2015;Cheeseman, 2015;Resnick, 2015b) and the role of the middle class in debates between the relevance of the Washington Consensus (WC) versus the Beijing Model (BM) in African development Asongu, 2016b).…”