Sirex in Australasia

Madden, J. L.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-0789-9_20

Cited by 96 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Despite the fact that S. noctilio is not a pest in its home range, when it first appeared in Australia the damage in plantations was sufficiently severe to justify a major program to manage the insect (Neumann and Minko 1981;Madden 1988). A key component of this program was biological control using introduced parasitoid wasps and the Sirexspecific parasitic nematode, Deladenus siricidicola, strains of which were introduced from various parts of the home range of the wasp (Bedding and Akhurst 1978;Bedding and Iede 2005).…”

Section: Anthropogenic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic effects on interaction outcomes: examples from insect-microbial symbioses in forest and savanna ecosystems

et al. 2011

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The influence of humans on ecosystem dynamics has been, and continues to be, profound. Anthropogenic effects are expected to amplify as human populations continue to increase. Concern over these effects has given rise to a large number of studies focusing on impacts of human activities on individual species or on biotic community structure and composition. Lacking are studies on interactions, particularly mutualisms. Because of the role of mutualisms in ecosystem stability, such studies are critically needed if we are to begin to better understand and predict the responses of ecosystems to anthropogenic change. Most organisms are involved in at least one mutualism, and many in several. Mutualisms facilitate the ability of partners to exploit particular habitats and resources, and play a large role in determining ecological boundaries. When change disrupts, enhances, or introduces new organisms into a mutualism, the outcome and stability of the original partnership(s) is altered as are effects of the symbiosis on the community and ecosystem as a whole. In this paper, using examples from six microbe-insect mutualisms in forest and savanna settings, we showcase how varied and complex the responses of mutualisms can be to an equally varied set of anthropogenic influences. We also show how alterations of mutualisms may ramify throughout affected systems. We stress that researchers must be cognizant that many observed changes in the behaviors, abundances, and distributions of organisms due to human activities are likely to be mediated by mutualists which may alter predictions and actual outcomes in significant ways.

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Section: Anthropogenic Effectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anthropogenic effects on interaction outcomes: examples from insect-microbial symbioses in forest and savanna ecosystems

et al. 2011

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“…In the southern and northern hemispheres, S. noctilio typically oviposits in suppressed pines (Neumann andMinko 1981, Dodds et al 2010;Ayres et al 2014). However, populations can increase and, especially in overstocked stands and during droughts, S. noctilio can kill pines that are considered healthy (Madden 1988). Sirex noctilio kills pines by injecting an obligate symbiotic white rot fungus, Amylostereum areolatum (Ryan and Hurley 2012), and a phytotoxic venom (Bordeaux et al 2014) in association with laying eggs into trees.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing functional traits and abundance of invasive versus native woodwasps

Hajek¹,

Henry²,

Standley³

et al. 2017

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Functional traits are useful for comparing the resource use of invasive and native species, with goals of identifying resource overlap to predict competitive interactions. The invasion of northeastern North America by the woodwasp Sirex noctilio has resulted in competition with the native congeneric Sirex nigricornis for suppressed and weakened pines. We compared sizes of adults, venom glands, fecundity, tree species use, voltinism and abundance of the invasive woodwasp S. noctilio with the native S. nigricornis in northeastern North American pines. Rearing adults from attacked pines showed that these species used the same tree species but S. noctilio were far more abundant, especially with increasing time since establishment. Adults of the invasive S. noctilio were larger than S. nigricornis, female S. noctilio had larger glands carrying phytotoxic venom in relation to body size, average-sized S. noctilio females carried more eggs, and S. noctilio developed faster than S. nigricornis. Sirex noctilio was the dominant woodwasp infesting suppressed pines in our study areas. We hypothesize that the future abundance of S. nigricornis could depend in part on the availability of wood for oviposition by this native that is not available or acceptable to the earlier-emerging S. noctilio.

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“…If the insect becomes successfully established in newly-infested trees, the combination of mucus and fungus kills the trees. The larvae develop inside these trees, feeding on fungus-infested wood ( Talbot, 1977;Spradbery and Kirk, 1978;Madden, 1988 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A comparison of control results for the alien invasive woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in the southern hemisphere

Hurley

Slippers

Wingfield

2007

Agri and Forest Entomology

182

184

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1 Sirex noctilio has resulted in one of the most damaging biological invasions of pine forestry in the southern hemisphere. 2 An intensive, integrated control programme has been developed for this pest and is generally considered very successful. However, a critical comparison of S. noctilio infestations and control efforts throughout the southern hemisphere reveals that control has not been uniformly effective. Of particular concern is the apparently unexplained variability in establishment and success of biological control agents, including various parasitic wasps and the parasitic nematode Deladenus siricidicola . 3 An overlooked aspect in the establishment of the biological control interventions for S. noctilio is the potential influence of genetic bottlenecks on the ability of the agents to adapt to different environments and different populations of S. noctilio . 4 Despite established biological control agents, stress in forests caused by silvicultural practices or the environment will predispose trees to heavy infestation. Unfortunately, improved silvicultural practices are not always economically feasible and environmental changes are often unavoidable. 5 Sirex noctilio continues to pose a serious threat to pine forestry in many areas.Despite extensive earlier research into a single integrated control for S. noctilio , it is important to recognize that such a strategy will probably require significant local adaptation in new areas of infestation and over time.

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Sirex in Australasia

Cited by 96 publications

References 39 publications

Anthropogenic effects on interaction outcomes: examples from insect-microbial symbioses in forest and savanna ecosystems

Anthropogenic effects on interaction outcomes: examples from insect-microbial symbioses in forest and savanna ecosystems

Comparing functional traits and abundance of invasive versus native woodwasps

A comparison of control results for the alien invasive woodwasp, Sirex noctilio, in the southern hemisphere

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