“…For groundbased measurement, gases are measured by FT-IR spectroscopy in an open-path in situ configuration (Russwurm and Childers, 2006) or via extractive sampling into a closed multi-pass cell (Spellicy and Webb, 2006). These techniques have been used to sample urban smog (Pitts et al, 1977;Tuazon et al, 1981;Hanst et al, 1982); smog chambers (Akimoto et al, 1980;Pitts et al, 1984;Ofner, 2011), biomass burning emissions (Hurst et al, 1994;Yokelson et al, 1997;Christian et al, 2004), volcanoes (Oppenheimer and Kyle, 2008), and fugitive gases (Kirchgessner et al, 1993;Russwurm, 1999;U.S. EPA, 1998); emission fluxes (Galle et al, 1994;Griffith and Galle, 2000;Griffith et al, 2002); greenhouse gases (Shao and Griffiths, 2010;Hammer et al, 2013;Schütze et al, 2013;Hase et al, 2015); and isotopic composition (Meier and Notholt, 1996;Flores et al, 2017).…”