Site and Sex Effects on Tibia Structure in Distance Runners and Untrained People

Feldman, Sara; Capozza, Ricardo Francisco; Mortarino, Pablo; Reina, Paola Soledad; Ferretti, J.L.; Rittweger, Jörn; Cointry, Gustavo Roberto

doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e31824e10b6

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The purpose of the present study is to investigate possible trabecular bone adaptation resultant from a common activity that subjects bone to a regime of repetitive and high strain: endurance running. Previous work has identified cortical and trabecular bone adaptation in the tibia of endurance runners [ 29 , 30 , 31 ]. We chose to study the calcaneus, not just because it endures tremendous forces during endurance running but also because its function differs based on foot strike.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trabecular bone in the calcaneus of runners

et al. 2017

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Trabecular bone of the human calcaneus is subjected to extreme repetitive forces during endurance running and should adapt in response to this strain. To assess possible bone functional adaptation in the posterior region of the calcaneus, we recruited forefoot-striking runners (n = 6), rearfoot-striking runners (n = 6), and non-runners (n = 6), all males aged 20–41 for this institutionally approved study. Foot strike pattern was confirmed for each runner using a motion capture system. We obtained high resolution peripheral computed tomography scans of the posterior calcaneus for both runners and non-runners. No statistically significant differences were found between runners and nonrunners or forefoot strikers and rearfoot strikers. Mean trabecular thickness and mineral density were greatest in forefoot runners with strong effect sizes (<0.80). Trabecular thickness was positively correlated with weekly running distance (r2 = 0.417, p<0.05) and years running (r2 = 0.339, p<0.05) and negatively correlated with age at onset of running (r2 = 0.515, p<0.01) Trabecular thickness, mineral density and bone volume ratio of nonrunners were highly correlated with body mass (r2 = 0.824, p<0.05) and nonrunners were significantly heavier than runners (p<0.05). Adjusting for body mass revealed significantly thicker trabeculae in the posterior calcaneus of forefoot strikers, likely an artifact of greater running volume and earlier onset of running in this subgroup; thus, individuals with the greatest summative loading stimulus had, after body mass adjustment, the thickest trabeculae. Further study with larger sample sizes is necessary to elucidate the role of footstrike on calcaneal trabecular structure. To our knowledge, intraspecific body mass correlations with measures of trabecular robusticity have not been reported elsewhere. We hypothesize that early adoption of running and years of sustained moderate volume running stimulate bone modeling in trabeculae of the posterior calcaneus.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trabecular bone in the calcaneus of runners

et al. 2017

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“…To date, there is no salient evidence to suggest a strong role for torsion in the design of human long bones. One would intuitively assume that torsion is the driving loading pattern to maintain the almost circular cross-sectional geometry of long hollow bones [44], as torsion is capable of producing similar bone matrix deformation all along the circumference in different sites of the long bone. Results from an in vivo knee joint loading study indicated that the tibia-femur contact torsion moment was relatively small, with the normalized peak value (normalized by body weight times length) ranging from 0.53 to 1.1 [45].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Torsion and Antero-Posterior Bending in the In Vivo Human Tibia Loading Regimes during Walking and Running

et al. 2014

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Bending, in addition to compression, is recognized to be a common loading pattern in long bones in animals. However, due to the technical difficulty of measuring bone deformation in humans, our current understanding of bone loading patterns in humans is very limited. In the present study, we hypothesized that bending and torsion are important loading regimes in the human tibia. In vivo tibia segment deformation in humans was assessed during walking and running utilizing a novel optical approach. Results suggest that the proximal tibia primarily bends to the posterior (bending angle: 0.15°–1.30°) and medial aspect (bending angle: 0.38°–0.90°) and that it twists externally (torsion angle: 0.67°–1.66°) in relation to the distal tibia during the stance phase of overground walking at a speed between 2.5 and 6.1 km/h. Peak posterior bending and peak torsion occurred during the first and second half of stance phase, respectively. The peak-to-peak antero-posterior (AP) bending angles increased linearly with vertical ground reaction force and speed. Similarly, peak-to-peak torsion angles increased with the vertical free moment in four of the five test subjects and with the speed in three of the test subjects. There was no correlation between peak-to-peak medio-lateral (ML) bending angles and ground reaction force or speed. On the treadmill, peak-to-peak AP bending angles increased with walking and running speed, but peak-to-peak torsion angles and peak-to-peak ML bending angles remained constant during walking. Peak-to-peak AP bending angle during treadmill running was speed-dependent and larger than that observed during walking. In contrast, peak-to-peak tibia torsion angle was smaller during treadmill running than during walking. To conclude, bending and torsion of substantial magnitude were observed in the human tibia during walking and running. A systematic distribution of peak amplitude was found during the first and second parts of the stance phase.

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“…Bone mass may be maintained and its decrease may be prevented in athletes who participate in endurance activities such as middle-distance and long-distance running and undergo training for long periods, 10 because the distribution of plantar pressure occurs through a “ mata-borrão ” movement, in which the body weight of the athlete travels across the entire foot, from the heel to the tips of the toes. 11…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition in Elderly Runners: Six-Year Follow-Up

et al. 2019

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Objective: To evaluate bone mineral density (BMD) and body composition over a six-year period in elderly long-distance runners. Methods: We analyzed the medical records of elderly athletes who were long-distance runners, were participants of the IOT-HCFMUSP Orthogeriatric Group, and had their BMD evaluated between 2001 and 2007; of these athletes, 11 were included in the study. Inclusion criteria: athletes should be long-distance runners, should not stop long-distance running during the six-year period, and should have undergone BMD and body composition evaluations. Body composition was evaluated using bone densitometry with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry with a Lunar-DPX device. Results: Over the six-year period, body composition remained stable, but there was a significant increase only in the fat percentage (p = 0.003). Conclusion: Long-distance running may maintain BMD but may lead to an increase in the fat percentage in elderly runners. Level of Evidence II; Prognostic Study - Investigating the Effect of Patient Characteristics on Disease Outcome.

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Site and Sex Effects on Tibia Structure in Distance Runners and Untrained People

Cited by 22 publications

References 31 publications

Trabecular bone in the calcaneus of runners

Trabecular bone in the calcaneus of runners

Torsion and Antero-Posterior Bending in the In Vivo Human Tibia Loading Regimes during Walking and Running

Bone Mineral Density and Body Composition in Elderly Runners: Six-Year Follow-Up

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