Site Selection and Sampling Design

Pennock, D.J.; Appleby, P. G.

doi:10.1007/0-306-48054-9_2

Cited by 19 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 49 publications

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“…forest and pasture), the primary geological provinces and the topographic settings. As far as possible, the protocol for sampling location and frequency followed that given by Pennock and Appleby (), although the location and spatial distribution of sampling was also influenced by road access. In order to obtain a spatially representative sample, ~50 surface soil ‘grab’ samples were collected from a hillslope covering an area of 1‐2 Ha.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of fallout tracers ⁷Be, ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs to distinguish the form of sub‐surface soil erosion delivering sediment to rivers in large catchments

Hancock

Wilkinson

Hawdon

et al. 2013

Hydrological Processes

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Fallout radionuclides (FRNs) 137 Cs and 210 Pb are well established as tracers of surface and sub-surface soil erosion contributing sediment to river systems. However, without additional information, it has not been possible to distinguish sub-surface soil erosion sources. Here, we use the FRN 7 Be (half-life 53 days) in combination with 137 Cs and excess 210 Pb to trace the form of erosion contributing sediment in three large river catchments in eastern Australia; the Logan River (area 3700 km 2 ), Bowen River (9400 km 2 ) and Mitchell River (4700 km 2 ). We show that the combination of 137 Cs, excess 210 Pb and 7 Be can discriminate horizontally aligned sub-surface erosion sources (rilled and scalded hillslopes and the floors of incised drainage lines and gully 'badland' areas) from vertical erosion sources (channel banks and gully walls). Specifically, sub-surface sources of sediment eroded during high rainfall and high river flow events have been distinguished by the ability of rainfall-derived 7 Be to label horizontal soil surfaces, but not vertical. Our results indicate that in the two northern catchments, erosion of horizontal sub-surface soil sources contributed almost as much fine river sediment as vertical channel banks, and several times the contribution of hillslope topsoils. This result improves on source discrimination provided previously and indicates that in some areas erosion of hillslope soils may contribute significantly to sediment yield, but not as topsoil loss. We find that in north-eastern Australia, scalded areas on hillslopes and incising drainage lines may be sediment sources of comparable importance to vertical channel banks. Previous studies have used the combination of 137 Cs, excess 210 Pb and 7 Be to estimate soils losses at the hillslope scale. Here, we show that with timely and judicious sampling of soil and sediment during and immediately after high flow events 7 Be measurements can augment fallout 137 Cs and 210 Pb to provide important erosion source information over large catchments. 210 Pb ex for <10 mm CFC sediment from the Bowen River. Lines representing mixing of channel bank soil with forest, pasture and subsoils derived from Logan data are shown for reference. Closed circles = Highway site; open squares = Myuna site; triangle = Rosella creek site 3868 G. J. HANCOCK ET AL.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of fallout tracers ⁷Be, ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs to distinguish the form of sub‐surface soil erosion delivering sediment to rivers in large catchments

Hancock

Wilkinson

Hawdon

et al. 2013

Hydrological Processes

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“…At locations where 137 Cs levels fell within the 95% confidence interval it was deemed that there was insufficient evidence of either erosion or deposition taking place. Consequently at these locations soil redistribution rates were assigned a value of zero (Sutherland, ; Pennock and Appleby, ; Martinez et al, ).…”

Section: Results ‐ 137cs Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this study a transect based sampling methodology is used (Pennock and Appleby, ). The hillslope transect ran for approximately 200 m from a road at the upper boundary (near the catchment divide) down to an abrupt break in slope which lead to the alluvial soil flood plain.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Soil samples were collected in March 2014 along the transect at regular 10 m intervals with additional samples collected at 2.5 m intervals at the base of the slope, enabling the whole toposequence to be sampled (Pennock and Appleby, ). While a stratified sampling method could have been employed, upon inspection of the site prior to sampling, there was no indication that there were any differences along the slope that required more or less dense sampling or a stratified approach.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Hillslope and point based soil erosion – an evaluation of a Landscape Evolution Model

Hancock

Wells

Dever

et al. 2019

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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Excessive soil erosion and deposition is recognised as a significant land degradation issue. Quantifying soil erosion and deposition is a non‐trivial task. One of these methods has been the mathematical modelling of soil erosion and deposition patterns and the processes that drive them. Here we examine the capability of a landscape evolution model to predict both soil erosion rate and pattern of erosion and deposition. This numerical model (SIBERIA) uses a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) to represent the landscape and calculates erosion and deposition at each grid point in the DEM. To assess field soil redistribution rates (SRR) and patterns the distribution of the environmental tracer 137Cs has been analysed. Net hill slope SRR predicted by SIBERIA (a soil loss rate of 1.7 to 4.3 t ha‐1 yr‐1) were found to be in good agreement with 137Cs based estimates (2.1 – 3.4 t ha‐1 yr‐1) providing confidence in the predictive ability of the model at the hillslope scale. However some differences in predicted erosion/deposition patterns were noted due to historical changes in landscape form (i.e. the addition of a contour bank) and possible causes discussed, as is the finding that soil erosion rates are an order of magnitude higher than likely soil production rates. The finding that SIBERIA can approximate independently quantified erosion and deposition patterns and rates is encouraging, providing confidence in the employment of DEM based models to quantify hillslope erosion rates and demonstrating the potential to upscale for the prediction of whole catchment erosion and deposition. The findings of this study suggest that LEMs can be a reliable alternative to complex and time consuming methods such as that using environmental tracers for the determination of erosion rates. The model and approach demonstrates a new approach to assessing soil erosion that can be employed elsewhere. © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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“…An analytical protocol following Greenwood et al () was adopted to ensure consistency. Measurements were taken using a scaled‐down grid‐sampling technique commonly applied at the field scale (Pennock & Appleby, ). A quadrat with equidistant 7 × 7‐cm lines was placed over each plot and always orientated so that four columns ran parallel with the slope (i.e., top to bottom of page), and each column consisted of four horizontal rows running across slope (i.e., left to right of page).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Documenting soil redistribution on livestock‐poached pasture using caesium‐134 and cobalt‐60 as tracers

Greenwood

Meusburger

2018

Land Degrad Dev

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Poaching is caused by the excessive trampling of soil and vegetation by herd animals and is prevalent in intensively managed grasslands. It is viewed as detrimental to soil fertility, has the potential to contribute to soil erosion, and thus represents a form of land degradation that is unsustainable. Attempts to document sediment redistribution by poaching have been hampered by a lack of techniques capable of measuring the movement of poached material at requisite spatial and temporal scales. We present a new tracing technique, using caesium‐134 (134Cs) and cobalt‐60 (60Co), which is designed to overcome those problems. Nine areas (plots) of grassland, each measuring 0.04 m2, were directly labelled with a known activity of either 134Cs or 60Co. Three plots were located on level, unpoached ground for use as controls, and six were located in livestock‐poached areas. Initial surface inventories were documented and then remeasured on three occasions after rainfall. Inventory changes were converted to estimates of sediment redistribution, which was documented across all poached plots at each remeasurement. Erosion represented the predominant mechanism, with average soil losses estimated at an equivalent of 0.03 kg m−2 d−1 at the first remeasurement (T1), 0.11 kg m−2 d−1 at T2, and 0.18 kg m−2 d−1 at T3. Despite assuming erosion would diminish, increasing soil loss is attributed to reduced surface roughness. These findings not only confirm the viability of the tracing technique but also demonstrate that livestock‐poached areas act as sediment sources over timescales of at least a few months after poaching has ceased.

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Site Selection and Sampling Design

Cited by 19 publications

References 49 publications

Use of fallout tracers ⁷Be, ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs to distinguish the form of sub‐surface soil erosion delivering sediment to rivers in large catchments

Use of fallout tracers ⁷Be, ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs to distinguish the form of sub‐surface soil erosion delivering sediment to rivers in large catchments

Hillslope and point based soil erosion – an evaluation of a Landscape Evolution Model

Documenting soil redistribution on livestock‐poached pasture using caesium‐134 and cobalt‐60 as tracers

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Site Selection and Sampling Design

Cited by 19 publications

References 49 publications

Use of fallout tracers 7Be, 210Pb and 137Cs to distinguish the form of sub‐surface soil erosion delivering sediment to rivers in large catchments

Use of fallout tracers 7Be, 210Pb and 137Cs to distinguish the form of sub‐surface soil erosion delivering sediment to rivers in large catchments

Hillslope and point based soil erosion – an evaluation of a Landscape Evolution Model

Documenting soil redistribution on livestock‐poached pasture using caesium‐134 and cobalt‐60 as tracers

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Use of fallout tracers ⁷Be, ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs to distinguish the form of sub‐surface soil erosion delivering sediment to rivers in large catchments

Use of fallout tracers ⁷Be, ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs to distinguish the form of sub‐surface soil erosion delivering sediment to rivers in large catchments