“…Third, the key issue of quality assurance is at the level of a single care provider or a single therapeutic team. Fourth, if we wish to establish a European Quality Assurance Programme in rectal cancer, there will be countries with a small number of wellregulated, usually high-quality providers, such as in Scandinavia, and others with a huge number of less well-regulated providers (for example over 1000 hospitals treating rectal cancer in Germany), possibly combined with insufficient resources [31]. For surgery, the most sensitive measurement of quality is a comparison between pretherapy imaging with the meticulous histopathological evaluation of the specimen regarding completeness of removal of the primary tumour and the number of lymph nodes present.…”