Six complete mitochondrial genomes of mayflies from three genera of Ephemerellidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) with inversion and translocation oftrnIrearrangement and their phylogenetic relationships

Abstract

As a small order of Pterygota (Insecta), Ephemeroptera has almost 3,500 species around the world. Ephemerellidae is a widely distributed common group of Ephemeroptera. However, the relationship among Ephemerellidae, Vietnamellidae and Teloganellidae is still in dispute. In this study, we sequenced six complete mitogenomes of three genera from Ephemerellidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera): Ephemerella sp. Yunnan-2018, Serratella zapekinae, Serratella sp. Yunnan-2018, Serratella sp. Liaoning-2019, Torleya grandipennis and T. tumiforceps. These mitogenomes were employed to reveal controversial phylogenetic relationships among the Ephemeroptera, with emphasis on the phylogenetic relationships among Ephemerellidae. The lengths of the six mayfly mitogenomes ranged from 15,134 bp to 15,703 bp. Four mitogenomes of Ephemerella sp. Yunnan-2018, Serratella zapekinae, Serratella sp. Yunnan-2018 and Serratella sp. Liaoning-2019 had 22 tRNAs including an inversion and translocation of trnI. By contrast, the mitogenomes of T. tumiforceps and T. grandipennis had 24 tRNAs due to an extra two copies of inversion and translocation of trnI. Within the family Ephemerellidae, disparate gene rearrangement occurred in the mitogenomes of different genera: one copy of inversion and translocation trnI in the genera Ephemerella and Serratella, and three repeat copies of inversion and translocation of trnI in the genus Torleya. A large non-coding region (≥200 bp) between trnS1 (AGN) and trnE was detected in T. grandipennis and T. tumiforceps. Among the phylogenetic relationship of the Ephemeroptera, the monophyly of almost all families except Siphlonuridae was supported by BI and ML analyses. The phylogenetic results indicated that Ephemerellidae was the sister clade to Vietnamellidae whereas Teloganellidae was not a sister clade of Ephemerellidae and Vietnamellidae.

Insight into the Phylogenetic Relationships among Three Subfamilies within Heptageniidae (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) along with Low-Temperature Selection Pressure Analyses Using Mitogenomes

“…Forty-nine species from Ephemeroptera, including 14 families ( Table 2 ), were used in phylogenetic analyses of Heptageniidae and Ephemeroptera [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. The taxon of Siphluriscus (Siphluriscidae) was recovered as a sister clade to all other mayflies and, therefore, S. chinensis from the family Siphluriscidae was selected as the outgroup [ 12 , 36 ].…”

“…[ 19 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 ]. According to published reports, gene rearrangements of tRNA genes including duplication, translocation, and pseudogenization were mainly concentrated in the regions of CR -I-Q-M-ND2 , COX1-K-D-ATP8 , and ND3-A-R-N-S-E-F-ND5 [ 31 , 32 ].…”

“…Within the order Ephemeroptera, most species retain the same 37 genes as the hypothesized ancestral mitogenome of insects except for Siphluriscidae, Baetidae, Leptophlebiidae, Ephemerellidae, and Heptageniidae [ 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 ]. The mitogenome of Siphluriscus chinensis (Siphluriscidae) encoded an extra trnK located between trnS and trnE in the minor coding strand [ 36 ].…”

“…Liaoning-2019, and Serratella sp. Yunnan-2018, along with three duplicate copies of inversion and translocation of trnI in Torleya grandipennis and T. tumiforceps (Ephemerellidae) [ 32 ]. The trnA and trnR genes switched positions in Habrophlebiodes zijinensis (Leptophlebiidae) resulting in a gene arrangement R-A-N-S-E-F .…”

Increasing 28 mitogenomes of Ephemeroptera, Odonata and Plecoptera support the Chiastomyaria hypothesis with three different outgroup combinations

“…(Ephemerellidae) ( Tang et al, 2014 ), Cincticostella fusca (Ephemerellidae) ( Li et al, 2020 ) and species of Serratella (Ephemerellidae) ( Xu et al, 2020b ), but three copies of the tRNA-Ile inversion in Ephemerellidae sp. as well as species of Torleya (Ephemerellidae) ( Xu et al, 2020a ; Xu et al, 2020b ) and two copies of the tRNA-Ile in Uracanthella sp. were formed through different random duplications of the tRNA-Ile gene inversion.…”