Six dimensions of expertise: a more comprehensive definition of cognitive expertise for team coordination

Garrett, Sandra K.; Caldwell, Barrett S.; Harris, Edith; Gonzalez, M C

doi:10.1080/14639220802059190

Cited by 39 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Proponents of reforming the PhD can over‐simplify the degree as a unitary and unchanging monolith, overlooking considerable disciplinary and international variations; and equally, sidelining innovations in the degree which have occurred over time. Examples abound and these include developments in Australia in the 1990s with respect to the professional doctorates, and more recent developments in the UK, which focus on advancing professional knowledge and practice (Academic Council CIT, ; Clarke & Lunt, ; Evans, Evans, & Marsh, ; Fell, Flint, & Haines, ; Lunt, McAlpine, & Mills, ). Other variants include the increased range of research outputs which may be subject to examination for the degree and which extend beyond the original thesis to include portfolios of work, artefacts accompanied by a critical dissertation and suites of publications.…”

Section: Phd Crisis Debatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…What did expertise look like before the current disruption? Historically, expertise has been equated with extensive knowledge, high skill levels (technical, manual and intellectual), together with extensive accumulated experience in a specific field and a superior ability to rapidly solve complex and/or novel problems (Anders Ericsson, Prietula, & Cokely, ; Collins & Evans, ; Garrett, Caldwell, Harris, & Gonzalez, ; Grundmann, ; Noveck, ; Skovholt & Jennings, ; Turner, ). In the 1980s, Hubert Dreyfus and Stuart Dreyfus posited a developmental model of expertise from novice to expert which has become something of a benchmark (see Addis & Winch, ; Brey, ; Dreyfus & Dreyfus, ; Skovholt & Jennings, ; Turner, ; Winch, ).…”

Section: What Is Expertise?mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Expertise and the PhD: Between depth and a flat place

Barnacle

Schmidt

Cuthbert

2018

Higher Education Quarterly

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Expertise is under sustained interrogation. We see it in so‐called edu‐scepticism and pessimism about graduates’ apparently diminishing employment prospects, challenges to the role of Higher Education institutions as arbiters of knowledge and post‐truth rhetoric more broadly. This paper examines how the PhD is being discursively positioned in this context. We ask what these changing conceptions of expertise, education and work mean for how PhD‐level expertise is understood. Drawing on a range of sources, from the scholarly to the wider media, we draw together five exemplar models of expertise to expose the transforming ratio between generalist, transferable skills and specialist knowledge. The evident diminution of specialisation raises numerous issues for the PhD as it is increasingly called upon to serve multiple and potentially contradictory needs: an innovation society on the one hand and the discipline on the other. Reconciling the tension between depth and breadth is an important issue for a degree whose hallmark is—or at least has been—depth.

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Section: Phd Crisis Debatementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: What Is Expertise?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Expertise and the PhD: Between depth and a flat place

Barnacle

Schmidt

Cuthbert

2018

Higher Education Quarterly

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“…Another key individual attribute is expertise, as it allows the team members to perform tasks at a certain level. A dimensional approach to expertise (Garrett, Caldwell, Harris, & Gonzalez, 2009) provides a useful and flexible framework that can incorporate other aspects of teamwork and taskwork that traditional models of expertise (such as Ericsson & Smith, 1991) do not include. The example described here applied a test set of data for expertise across undefined areas.…”

Section: Identifying and Quantifying System Componentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Using Simulation Modeling Methods to Study Teams Doing Taskwork

Nyre-Yu

Caldwell

2018

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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Traditional human factors approaches to team research are inherently limited by the time and resources required to conduct laboratory and field studies. Teams can be described as systems, which can be broken down into components, behaviors, and relationships. Simulation modeling techniques have been successful in studying dynamic and emergent aspects of systems, including human groups, and are good candidates for studying team process dynamics. An example model described in this article acts as a feasibility test for incorporating aspects of teamwork and taskwork into computational models. Aspects of systems engineering are presented, and methods for operationalizing components are discussed. Key modeling topics highlighted include functionality and convergence. By integrating simulation methods into human factors subject areas, researchers may be able to study more diverse sets of people, apply a wide array of experimental treatments, and observe emergent behaviors of humans with less time and resources.

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“…For the flight controllers in the MCC, four of the six dimensions of expertise in Garrett et al (2009) are applicable:…”

Section: Agents and Their Parametersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Problem solving in expert teams: Functional models and task processes

Onken

Caldwell

2011

Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual

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This paper presents a functional model (one that describes processes, interactions, and evolution of time) that describes the process of solving problems that takes place in a team of expert engineers and scientists. The context is real-time, safety-critical NASA spaceflight mission operations, specifically the team of flight controllers in the Mission Control Center (MCC). The model includes descriptions of the agents (the representation of the flight controllers) involved and abstractions of their expertise. The model describes abstractions of controller expertise in terms of character stats inspired by multiplayer role-playing games. The problem-solving process follows three stages: detection, isolation, and recovery. The middle stage is the most complex, with two different groupconsensus rules that depend on the difficulty of the problem. INTRODUCTIONThis paper introduces a functional model that describes how real-world teams solve problems in a realtime, safety-critical context. A functional model is one that describes processes, the evolution of time in a system, and the interactions between elements of the system. The ContextIn this paper, the system is the NASA Mission Control Center (MCC), during real-time, safety-critical mission operations. During mission operations, the MCC is staffed around the clock by a team of flight controllers, numbering anywhere between 30 and 100, depending on the current phase of the mission and whether the crew is sleeping. These flight controllers are highly trained, expert engineers, managers, and scientists (including a medical physician). Problem SolvingThe primary responsibility of the flight controllers is to make sure the mission proceeds safely: launch is safe, the on-orbit time is safe, and the entry and return to the ground are safe. During the mission, the flight controllers support the crew by monitoring data and telemetry about the vehicle (that is, the International Space Station or Space Shuttle), watching for any non-routine, called off-nominal, data. Off-nominal data indicates a problem on the vehicle or in the transmission media between the vehicle and the MCC. When off-nominal events occur, it is the flight controllers' responsibility to work quickly to diagnose and resolve the underlying problem.

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Six dimensions of expertise: a more comprehensive definition of cognitive expertise for team coordination

Cited by 39 publications

References 10 publications

Expertise and the PhD: Between depth and a flat place

Expertise and the PhD: Between depth and a flat place

Using Simulation Modeling Methods to Study Teams Doing Taskwork

Problem solving in expert teams: Functional models and task processes

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