Sixteen new species of the spider genus Althepus Thorell, 1898 (Araneae: Ochyroceratidae) from Southeast Asia

Li, Fengyuan; Liu, Chang; Wongprom, Prasit; Li, Shuqiang

doi:10.11646/zootaxa.4471.3.1

Cited by 1,364 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…In other words, FA refers to small random morphological fluctuations around a symmetric mean [3,5,38,97,98]. FA incidence, relation to environmental factors, and its influence within populations has been studied on some Lycosidae and Pholcidae [17][18][19][20][21]. Here we found that some cases, like the hahniid Neoanthistea, some more lycosid, oonopid, and telemid genera (mentioned as FA?…”

Section: Fluctuating Asymmetry (Fa)mentioning

confidence: 64%

“…Similarly, the great intraspecific variation observed in the female genitalia of some sicariids [19,78], range from asymmetries in number, size and shape of spermathecae to almost symmetric structures. This suggests that asymmetries in this family and similar cases in the ochyroceratid Althepus [18,72] might be fluctuating. A few species that show AS (Scotinella britcheri and S. fratella) and all species with CA (Cithaeron praedonius, Jacaena mihun, among others) also have a range of morphological variation in female internal genitalia within the population.…”

Section: Fluctuating Asymmetry (Fa)mentioning

confidence: 90%

“…Other cases difficult to assess are: the reduction of spermathecae to a single receptacle, as seen in some oonopids [67,69,71,93], pholcids [73,76,77], and telemids [22,62,63,[80][81][82] (Fig 2f and 2g); and the presence of odd numbered spermathecae in some sicariids [19,78,79,94], ochyroceratids [18,72,95] (Fig 2b and 2c) and probably some mecymaucheniids [96]. Both phenomena can sometimes generate a seemingly asymmetric morphology.…”

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

“…https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220354.g001 [9]. b) Ochyroceratidae: Althepus naphongensis; modified from Li et al [18]. c) Sicariidae: Hexophthalma albospinosa; modified from Magalhaes and Brescovit [19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Imperfect and askew: A review of asymmetric genitalia in araneomorph spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)

2020

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Bilateral asymmetry in the genitalia is a rare but widely dispersed phenomenon in the animal tree of life. In arthropods, occurrences vary greatly from one group to another and there seems to be no common explanation for all the independent origins. In spiders, genital asymmetry appears to be especially rare. Most known species show almost perfectly symmetrical genitals with the right and left sides being mirror images of each other. However, some examples of asymmetric genitalia have been studied and many other reports are scattered in the taxonomic literature. Based on a broad literature survey, we found several species in thirteen families with evidence of genital asymmetry, mostly expressed only in females. Our review suggests that spider genital asymmetries, although rare, are more common than previously thought and taxonomic descriptions and illustrations are a useful but not entirely reliable tool for studying them. Here we also report on directional asymmetry in the liocranid spider Teutamus politus, the first known case of morphologically asymmetric male genitals in Entelegynae spiders. Generalities, evolution and categorization of asymmetry in spiders are further discussed.

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Section: Fluctuating Asymmetry (Fa)mentioning

confidence: 64%

Section: Fluctuating Asymmetry (Fa)mentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: Plos Onementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Imperfect and askew: A review of asymmetric genitalia in araneomorph spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)

2020

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Selection for imperfection: A review of asymmetric genitalia in araneomorph spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)

Rivera-Quiroz

Petcharad

Miller

2019

Preprint

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26Bilateral asymmetry in the genitalia is a rare but widely dispersed phenomenon in the 27 animal tree of life. In arthropods, occurrences vary greatly from one group to another 28 and there seems to be no common explanation for all the independent origins. In 29 spiders, genital asymmetry appears to be especially rare. Few examples have been 30 studied in detail but isolated reports are scattered in the taxonomic literature. Based on a 31 broad literature study, we found several species in thirteen families with evidence of 32 genital asymmetry, mostly expressed only in females. Our review suggests that spider 33 genital asymmetries, although rare, are more common than previously thought and 34 taxonomic descriptions and illustrations are a useful but not entirely reliable tool for 35 studying them. Here we also document thoroughly the case of the liocranid spider 36 Teutamus politus. We collected live specimens to observe male-female interactions and 37 document their genital morphology. We consider T. politus to be the first known case of 38 directional asymmetry and the first report of developmentally asymmetric male genitals 39 in Entelegynae spiders. Generalities, evolution and categorization of asymmetry in 40 spiders are further discussed. 41 42 Liocranidae.45 46 47 48 50 Genital asymmetry is a trait that has evolved independently several times in many 51 animal groups. Invertebrates show a wide range of genital asymmetries with probably 52 thousands of independent origins. Many, sometimes not mutually exclusive, 53 explanations have been proposed, namely: i) morphological compensation for selected 54 changes in mating position; ii) sexually antagonistic co-evolution; iii) cryptic female 55 choice for asymmetric male genitalia; iv) different functions for the left and right side; 56 v) one-sided reduction to save space and resources; vi) functional constraints: to 57 function properly, the separate parts of the genitalia need to connect in an asymmetric 58 fashion; vii) efficient packing of internal organs in the body cavity [1-4]. 59 60 Asymmetries are often classified as fluctuating (FA), antisymmetry (AS) or directional 61 (DA) [3,5,6]. This categorization is based on the degree and relative frequencies of the 62 different chiral forms found in a population. FA describes slight asymmetric variation 63 around a symmetrical mean; the appearance of this type of asymmetry is usually related 64 to environmental or developmental constraints [5,7]. AS describes cases where two 65 mirror image forms, dextral and sinistral, are identifiable and within a population, 66 occurring usually in equal or similar proportions [3]. Finally, DA refers to cases where 67 only one asymmetric form is virtually always present [3]; this might be associated with 68 mechanical, behavioral, or functional differentiation and selection of one asymmetrical 69 form of the structures or organs [3,8].70 71Genital asymmetry, although rare as a whole, is a recurring phenomenon in a few 72 groups of arthropods like mites, crustaceans, o...

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GBIF custom download for research into locational uncertainty in the world's preserved specimens collections

2021

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Sixteen new species of the spider genus Althepus Thorell, 1898 (Araneae: Ochyroceratidae) from Southeast Asia

Cited by 1,364 publications

References 5 publications

Imperfect and askew: A review of asymmetric genitalia in araneomorph spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)

Imperfect and askew: A review of asymmetric genitalia in araneomorph spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)

Selection for imperfection: A review of asymmetric genitalia in araneomorph spiders (Araneae: Araneomorphae)

GBIF custom download for research into locational uncertainty in the world's preserved specimens collections

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