Size characterization of metal oxide nanoparticles in commercial sunscreen products

Bairi, Venu Gopal; Lim, Jin-Hee; Fong, Andrew; Linder, Sean W.

doi:10.1007/s11051-017-3929-0

Cited by 24 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…The ENMs were detected in all the NEPs samples examined, thus confirming the manufacturers' nano-claim (Figs. 5, 6; Table S3), and the ENMs size ranges obtained were comparable to other studies [1,21,22] Additionally, the presence of TiO 2 and SiO 2 ENMs in Sun 1-3 and MC 2, respectively, was confirmed ( Figures S1-S2). However, for MC 1 no Zn was detected by either EDS or ICP-MS, although Ti was detected instead, suggesting rather the presence of TiO 2 ENMs.…”

Section: Characterisation Of the Physico-chemical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 87%

“…Even when TiO 2 in sunscreens are coated with layers of Al and Si hydroxides, they are subjected to degradation by environmental factors such as sunlight, and can thus expose bare TiO 2 [20,36]. The properties of TiO 2 ENMs in sunscreens observed in this study have been observed by others [1,4,21,22] (Fig. 7).…”

Section: Characterisation Of the Physico-chemical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 70%

“…The findings suggested that either the claim by the manufacturer for MC 1 was incorrect or the ZnO ENMs concentration was below the lower detection limits of the equipment utilised. Erroneous ENMs reporting by manufacturers has been observed previously [1]. Electron microscopy showed that the ENMs were predominantly agglomerated with variable size and shape.…”

Section: Characterisation Of the Physico-chemical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 69%

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Nano-enabled products in South Africa and the assessment of environmental exposure potential for engineered nanomaterials

et al. 2019

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In order to address risks associated with nanotechnology, there needs to be improved understanding of potential sources of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) into the environment. Nano-enabled products (NEPs) are amongst such sources, and the current study identified NEPs sold in South Africa as a means of examining their potential to emit ENMs into the environment. Two hundred and sixty-four products were identified, mainly from the health and fitness category (66.7%), followed by electronics and computers (15.2%), home and garden (10.6%), appliances (3.8%), automotive (2.7%) and food and beverage category (1.1%). The chemical identity of ENMs was reported in 62.8% of those products with the top five most common being ENMs (in the descending order) Ti, C, Ag, Si and bisoctrizole. Determining the NEPs environmental exposure potential indicated that 63.6% exhibited high exposure potential comprising predominantly health and fitness, personal care, cosmetics and clothing products. The priority NEPs in terms of environmental exposure were sunscreens, hair relaxers, moisturising lotions, eye creams, cosmetic sera and socks. Assessed through analytical examination, NEPs were found to contain ENMs with length and width ranges of 15-350 and 8-185 nm, respectively. Our study suggests that most NEPs sold in South Africa pose a high potential for nanopollution, with water resources as the highest risk. Mandatory labelling of NEPs is recommended in order to better estimate the extent of nanopollution arising from usage of the NEPs.

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Section: Characterisation Of the Physico-chemical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 87%

Section: Characterisation Of the Physico-chemical Propertiessupporting

confidence: 70%

Section: Characterisation Of the Physico-chemical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 69%

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Nano-enabled products in South Africa and the assessment of environmental exposure potential for engineered nanomaterials

et al. 2019

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“…The morphology was similar to observed from SEM analysis. In general TiO 2 ENMs in sunscreen extracts have been reported to be morphologically polydispersed [6,12,21,32,44,55]. Overall the current findings were complementary to earlier reports.…”

Section: Extractionsupporting

confidence: 81%

“…It is in this context that sunscreens were selected in the current study as a model for NEPs to examine TiO 2 ENMs environmental exposure. Research efforts pertaining sunscreens and nanopollution have largely focussed on extraction protocols for ENMs and determination of their physico-chemical properties [6,7,12,36,44,55] and fewer towards release assessment [9,18,64]. Therefore more data is still required with respect to the released ENMs and their characteristics in the environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterisation of titanium oxide nanomaterials in sunscreens obtained by extraction and release exposure scenarios

et al. 2019

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The application of titanium oxide engineered nanomaterials (TiO 2 ENMs) in products is dominant in sunscreens and can be released into water systems with relative ease during sunscreen use. The current study examined the physicochemical properties of the TiO 2 ENMs extracted from three sunscreens (SUN A, B, and C) and also released during bathing into deionised and tap water. The TiO 2 ENMs were identified in all the sunscreen extract samples using scanning and transmitting electron microscopy (SEM and TEM). The mode length of the ENMs measured with SEM were 67.6, 69.8, and 51.8 nm for SUN A, B, and C respectively whereas their width were 31.3, 38.7, and 27.7 nm. From TEM analysis the ENMs length and width mode sizes respectively were 73.9 and 14.5 nm for SUN A, 81.5 and 16.3 nm for SUN B, and 44.7 and 14.0 nm for SUN C. The Ti content of the sunscreens was 1.9, 0.6, and 0.5% w/w respectively for SUN A, B, and C. During bathing TiO 2 ENMs were released into wastewater and were in the size range of 47-218, 102-153, and 92-138 nm for SUN A, B, and C respectively in DI wastewater. In tap wastewater they were 100-241, 100-477, and 67-150 nm SUN A, B, and C respectively. The determined environmental concentrations for the ENMs in DI wastewater ranged 0.2-1.16 µg/L, whereas in tap wastewater it was 0.16-0.17 µg/L. The morphologies of the extracted and released ENMs were a mixture of rods, plates, irregular, and near spherical. The released Ti quantity significantly differed between DI and tap wastewater for SUN B and C, indicating the influence of wastewater quality in the exposure profile of ENMs in water systems.

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Influences of media on dispersion behaviors and electrokinetic properties of nanoceria particles in concentrated slurries

et al. 2020

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Size characterization of metal oxide nanoparticles in commercial sunscreen products

Cited by 24 publications

References 26 publications

Nano-enabled products in South Africa and the assessment of environmental exposure potential for engineered nanomaterials

Nano-enabled products in South Africa and the assessment of environmental exposure potential for engineered nanomaterials

Characterisation of titanium oxide nanomaterials in sunscreens obtained by extraction and release exposure scenarios

Influences of media on dispersion behaviors and electrokinetic properties of nanoceria particles in concentrated slurries

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