Size-dependent trait-mediated indirect interactions among sea urchin herbivores

Freeman, Aaren S.

doi:10.1093/beheco/arj014

Cited by 53 publications

(70 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…Finally, by conducting many replicate feeding and behavioral trials in the laboratory, we gained interesting insights regarding individual variation in predator−prey responses that warrant further attention. Our study adds to the growing body of empirical evidence supporting model predictions that individual variation in prey state alters TMII strength (Ovadia & Schmitz 2002, Luttbeg et al 2003, Persson & De Roos 2003, Kotler et al 2004, Freeman 2006, Rudolf 2012, Matassa & Trussell 2014, Gravem & Morgan 2016. …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

“…1 m away in tidepools; there was however variation among tidepools, probably due to differences in water circulation. Species in other systems have detected chemical cues at similar flow rates and distances (Turner & Montgomery 2003, Smee et al 2008, Weissburg et al 2014, Weissburg & Beauvais 2015, and antipredator behaviors have also been observed for other prey species near predators in higher flow conditions (Trussell et al 2004, Freeman 2006, Large et al 2011). The ability of T. funebralis to detect waterborne cues from predatory seastars remains to be determined on waveswept rocky shores at high tide; indeed, their behaviors at high tide are unknown.…”

Section: Waterborne Cuesmentioning

confidence: 74%

“…among size classes of snails was unexpected given that only small T. funebralis are vulnerable to Leptasterias spp. and only small vulnerable individuals of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus franciscanus flee the predatory seastar Pycnopodia helianthoides (Freeman 2006). This seemingly suboptimal behavior might be due to the inability of snails to distinguish Leptasterias spp.…”

Section: Discussion Tmiimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Individual variation in prey species is particularly relevant for behaviorally mediated TMII because the foraging and the antipredator behavior of prey individuals depends on their traits, including size, hunger and temperament (Werner & Anholt 1993, Lima 1998a, Sih et al 2004. There is mounting evidence that these statedependent decisions by prey can alter the strength of TMII (Sih 1992, Freeman 2006. For example, hungry prey individuals are often less responsive to predators, and therefore mediate weaker TMIIs (Heithaus et al 2007, Matassa & Trussell 2014, Gravem & Morgan 2016.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, hungry prey individuals are often less responsive to predators, and therefore mediate weaker TMIIs (Heithaus et al 2007, Matassa & Trussell 2014, Gravem & Morgan 2016. Large individuals also might have different antipredator behaviors, vulnerabilities, energetic demands and feeding rates than smaller prey individuals, which might subsequently affect the strength of TMII (Luttbeg et al 2003, Persson & De Roos 2003, Freeman 2006, Gravem & Morgan 2016. Thus, individual variation in prey state likely alters the strength of TMII, but empirical tests are necessary to identify when individual variation is important, and whether such individual variation has community-level consequences.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trait-mediated indirect interactions among residents of rocky shore tidepools

Morgan

Gravem²,

Lipus³

et al. 2016

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs) are an important component of food web structure and dynamics. We determined whether TMIIs occur in rocky tidepool communities on the west coast of the USA. In the laboratory, both adults and juveniles of the keystone predator Pisaster ochraceus and adults of a smaller predatory seastar Leptasterias spp. caused the abundant herbivorous snail Tegula funebralis to stop foraging and flee the water, inducing a positive TMII on micro-and macroalgae. Snails preferred 3 common species of macroalgae (Ulva lactuca, Cladophora columbiana and Porphyra spp.) over 4 others, indicating that seastars might provide the strongest benefits to these species in tidepools. In the laboratory, snails responded rapidly to both species of predatory seastars and many more snails responded than could be eaten; thus, there is a potential for TMIIs to occur in natural populations. Snails responded to waterborne cues from P. ochraceus by reducing grazing and leaving still water, and reducing grazing in laminar flow (0.5 l min −1 ), resulting in TMII effects at least as far as 75 cm away. Adult P. ochraceus and Leptasterias spp. introduced to tidepools during low tide induced many snails to flee the tidepools. Considerable individual variation occurred in the responses of snails. Medium and large snails mediated TMIIs and hungry snails were marginally less responsive to seastars potentially altering TMII strength in nature. Thus, we demonstrated that TMIIs could occur in natural tidepools and showed how predator and algal identity, predator and prey size, water flow and prey hunger level may influence these TMIIs.KEY WORDS: Trait-mediated indirect interaction · Predator-prey interaction · Chemical cue Community structure · Rocky intertidal tidepools · Nonconsumptive effect OPEN PEN ACCESS CCESS

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Section: Waterborne Cuesmentioning

confidence: 74%

Section: Discussion Tmiimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Trait-mediated indirect interactions among residents of rocky shore tidepools

Morgan

Gravem²,

Lipus³

et al. 2016

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Transient dynamics during kelp forest recovery from fishing across multiple trophic levels

Dunn

Samhouri

Baskett

2021

Ecological Applications

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Outcomes of management efforts to recover or restore populations of harvested species can be highly dependent on environmental and community context. Predator–prey interactions can alter recovery trajectories, and the timing of management actions within multi‐trophic level harvest scenarios may influence the dynamics of recovery and lead to management trade‐offs. Recent work using a generalist predator–prey model suggests that management promoting synchronized recovery of predators and prey leads to faster and less variable recovery trajectories than sequential recovery (predator or prey first). However, more complex communities may require different management actions to minimize recovery time and variability. Here, we use a tri‐trophic level rocky reef community dynamics model with size‐structure and fisheries at multiple trophic levels to investigate the importance of three ecological processes to recovery of fished communities: (1) size‐structured predation, (2) non‐consumptive effects of predators on prey behavior, and (3) varying levels of recruitment. We also test the effects of initiating recovery from community states associated with varying degrees of fishery‐induced degradation and develop a simulation in which the basal resource (kelp) is harvested. In this system, a predator‐first closure generally leads to the least volatile and quickest recovery, whether from a kelp forest, urchin barren, or intermediate community state. The benefits gained by selecting this strategy are magnified when recovering from the degraded community, the urchin barren, because initial conditions in the degraded state lead to lengthy recovery times. However, the shape of the size‐structured predation relationship can strongly affect recovery volatility, where the differences between alternate management strategies are negated with size‐independent predation. External recruitment reduces return times by bolstering the predatory lobster population. These results show that in a tightly linked tri‐trophic level food web with top‐down control, a predator‐first fishery closure can be the most effective strategy to reduce volatility and shorten recovery, particularly when the system is starting from the degraded community state. Given the ubiquity of top predator loss across many ecosystems, we highlight the value of incorporating insights from community ecology into ecosystem management.

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Florivory indirectly decreases the plant reproductive output through changes in pollinator attraction

Tsuji

Ohgushi

2018

Ecology and Evolution

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Species often interact indirectly with each other via their traits. There is increasing appreciation of trait‐mediated indirect effects linking multiple interactions. Flowers interact with both pollinators and floral herbivores, and the flower‐pollinator interaction may be modified by indirect effects of floral herbivores (i.e., florivores) on flower traits such as flower size attracting pollinators. To explore whether flower size affects the flower‐pollinator interaction, we used Eurya japonica flowers. We examined whether artificial florivory decreased fruit and seed production, and also whether flower size affected florivory and the number of floral visitors. The petal removal treatment (i.e., artificial florivory) showed approximately 50% reduction in both fruit and seed set in natural pollination but not in artificial pollination. Furthermore, flower size increased the number of floral visitors, although it did not affect the frequency of florivory. Our results demonstrate that petal removal indirectly decreased 75% of female reproductive output via decreased flower visits by pollinators and that flower size mediated indirect interactions between florivory and floral visitors.

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Size-dependent trait-mediated indirect interactions among sea urchin herbivores

Cited by 53 publications

References 54 publications

Trait-mediated indirect interactions among residents of rocky shore tidepools

Trait-mediated indirect interactions among residents of rocky shore tidepools

Transient dynamics during kelp forest recovery from fishing across multiple trophic levels

Florivory indirectly decreases the plant reproductive output through changes in pollinator attraction

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