2016
DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.5b02261
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Size Determination of a Liposomal Drug by Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Using Continuous Contrast Variation

Abstract: The continuously growing complexity of nanodrugs urges for complementary characterization techniques which can elude the current limitations. In this paper, the applicability of continuous contrast variation in small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) for the accurate size determination of a complex nanocarrier is demonstrated on the example of PEGylated liposomal doxorubicin (Caelyx®). The mean size and average electron density of Caelyx® was determined by SAXS using a gradient of aqueous iodixanol (Optiprep®), an… Show more

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Cited by 29 publications
(18 citation statements)
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“…[6][7][8] Recently, there has been quite a few examples where nanotechnology was utilized to improve the efficiency of pharmaceutical by changing their drug delivery mechanism [9,10] or devising new drug delivery systems. [6][7][8]11,12] Liposomal, [13] lipid [14] and vesicles based, micellar, [15] and polymers [16,17] NDs are some of the most commonly known forms of ND formulations. [18][19][20] Direct reduction in particle size of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by different techniques has been applied to achieve NDs.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[6][7][8] Recently, there has been quite a few examples where nanotechnology was utilized to improve the efficiency of pharmaceutical by changing their drug delivery mechanism [9,10] or devising new drug delivery systems. [6][7][8]11,12] Liposomal, [13] lipid [14] and vesicles based, micellar, [15] and polymers [16,17] NDs are some of the most commonly known forms of ND formulations. [18][19][20] Direct reduction in particle size of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) by different techniques has been applied to achieve NDs.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…To obtain detailed information about the internal structure of the stabilized liposomes, small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) experiments were performed (see details in Supporting Information). Due to different contrast for scattering length densities of hydrophobic and hydrophilic membrane layers, the SAXS data provide a closer look into the membrane structure; thus, this technique is widely used to study liposomes . Experimental data (Figure S8, Supporting Information) were fitted with SASfit software .…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Due to different contrast for scattering length densities of hydrophobic and hydrophilic membrane layers, the SAXS data provide a closer look into the membrane structure; thus, this technique is widely used to study liposomes. [26,27] Experimental data ( Figure S8, Supporting Information) were fitted with SASfit software. [28] The "sphere with three shells" (Figure 4, Stage II) was chosen to fit the obtained experimental data, where a sphere with radius R represents the inner "hollow" water volume of the vesicle, t sh2 -the thicknesses of the hydrophobic layer formed by alkyl PC chains, t sh1 and t sh3the thickness of inner and outer hydrophilic layers, respectively.…”
Section: Resultsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The simultaneous application of SAXS and SANS endows precise information of liposomal configuration, in which, the neutron scattering at small angles typically specifies the hydrophobic parts, whereas the X‐ray scattering possesses more sensitivity to investigate the hydrophilic region of polar heads of high electron density (Grillo, 2009). Generally, the assessment of membrane supramolecular organization by SAXS can present valuable information about bilayer number/thickness, area per lipid ratio, and the electron density profile of vesicular nanocarriers like liposomes (Garcia‐Diez, Gollwitzer, Krumrey, & Varga, 2016). SANS can offer valuable information about the inner organization of polyelectrolyte systems and also the spatial arranging of encapsulated bioactives.…”
Section: Saxs/sans: Working Principlesmentioning
confidence: 99%