Size-distribution-based assessment of human inhalation and dermal exposure to airborne parent, oxygenated and chlorinated PAHs during a regional heavy haze episode

Cao, Zhiguo; Wang, Mengmeng; Shi, Shiyu; Zhao, Youhua; Chen, Xi; Li, Chao; Li, Yunzi; Wang, Haizhu; Liang, Bao; Cui, Xinyi

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114661

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…The levels of 1-methyl-pyrene, phenanthrene, 2-methyl-naphthalene, indeno[1,2,3-cd] pyrene, and perylene in PM 1 were higher than those in coarse particles. Similar results have been reported in a previous study that found that PAHs were characterized by a unimodal distribution in the 0.7–1.1 μm fraction . The most notable one among these compounds was 9 H -fluoren-9-one, which had the highest VIP value (2.58).…”

Section: Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

“…The adverse effects of PM 2.5 are determined by particle size, shape, and especially chemical composition other than mass concentration . Among the complex atmospheric components, organic compounds have been recognized as important contributors to adverse health outcomes induced by air pollution. , The human exposure concentrations and health effects of organic pollutants are closely related to their distributions in the gas phase and size-fractionated particle phases. − For instance, the daily inhalation intakes of gaseous total polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organophosphate esters were greater than that of particle-bound compounds in urban air in Guangzhou . Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in fine particles <3.3 μm caused a higher cancer risk to humans in Beijing and Zhengzhou, dominantly through inhalation, while PAHs in coarse particles >3.3 μm caused a higher cancer risk to humans in Xinxiang, mainly through dermal uptake .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Recognition and Health Impacts of Organic Pollutants with Significantly Different Proportions in the Gas Phase and Size-Fractionated Particulate Phase in Ambient Air

Qiao

Gao

Liu

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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The distributions of organic pollutants in the gas phase and size-fractionated particle phases can largely affect human health risks posed by them. Gas−particle partitioning and particlesize distributions of some known pollutants have been investigated. However, the pollutants which are more likely to enter the human body and cause strong adverse effects may be neglected. In this study, a nontargeted screening approach combining comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry and chemometrics was developed. Eighty-eight compounds with markedly different proportions in the gas phase and PM 1 , as well as 50 contaminants with significant differences in PM 1 and particles with diameters of 1−2.5 μm, were identified. Of these compounds, 18 were found in the air for the first time. There were obvious discrepancies between the measured and predicted gas−particle partitioning coefficients for some pollutants, suggesting unexpected environmental fates and health risks. The human daily intakes through inhalation and dermal exposure to these pollutants were estimated with the International Commission on Radiological Protection deposition model and transdermal permeability model. A risk-based prioritization was performed. The results indicated that adverse effects posed by 9H-fluoren-9-one, 2-ethylhexyl 3-(3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate, p-cumenol, 2,4-diisocyanato-1-methyl-benzene, bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, perylene, (E)-cinnamaldehyde, 4-methyl-2-nitro-phenol, benzoic acid, and bis(2-methylpropyl) ester hexanedioic acid in ambient air may be more severe than those posed by conventionally monitored pollutants. The findings would facilitate raising concerns about these pollutants before they cause further severe and widespread impacts.

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Section: Results and Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recognition and Health Impacts of Organic Pollutants with Significantly Different Proportions in the Gas Phase and Size-Fractionated Particulate Phase in Ambient Air

Qiao

Gao

Liu

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…As indicated in Table 1 , compared with 2015, both the PAH and NPAH concentrations decreased approximately 48% and 30%, respectively, in the winter of 2017. The concentrations of PAHs were similar to those in another study in January 2017 (36.8 ng/m 3 ) [ 32 ]. The concentration of total PAHs showed a significant difference between 2015 and 2017 ( p < 0.05).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 85%

“…The concentration of NPAHs in Xinxiang in 2015 exhibited the same tendency as that of PAHs, which was lower than that in Beijing (5.12 ng/m 3 , winter), but higher than that in Shanghai (103 pg/m 3 , summer; 363 pg/m 3 , winter) [3,30]. [32]. The concentration of total PAHs showed a significant difference between 2015 and 2017 (p < 0.05).…”

Section: Concentrations and Composition Of Pahs And Npahsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Characteristics and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-PAHs in Xinxiang, China in 2015 and 2017

Zhang

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples were collected in the summer and winter of 2015 and 2017 in Xinxiang, China. Nine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and three nitro-PAHs (NPAHs) in PM2.5 were detected via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The PAHs concentration in summer and winter decreased from 6.37 ± 1.30 ng/m3 and 96.9 ± 69.9 ng/m3 to 4.89 ± 2.67 ng/m3 and 49.8 ± 43.4 ng/m3 from 2015 to 2017. NPAHs decreased in winter (from 1707 ± 708 pg/m3 to 1192 ± 1113 pg/m3), but increased in summer from 2015 (336 ± 77.2 pg/m3) to 2017 (456 ± 312 pg/m3). Diagnostic ratios of PAHs indicated that petroleum combustion was the main emission source in summer, and pollutants originating from the combustion of petroleum, coal and biomass dominated in winter. The 2-nitrofluoranthene (2-NFR)/2-nitropyrene (2-NP) ratio in this study demonstrated that the OH radical pathway was the main pathway for the formation of 2-NP and 2-NFR. The mean total benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent concentrations (BaPeq) and incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) values decreased from 2013 to 2017. The high value of total BaPeq in the winter of 2017 in Xinxiang revealed that a high-risk of cancer remained for residents. The results of this study demonstrate that the decreases in PAHs and NPAHS concentrations from 2015 to 2017. Combined with reducing gaseous pollutants concentration, the reduction in this study might be attributable to emissions reductions by implementing the air pollution control regulations in Xinxiang city in 2016.

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“…In this paper, Table 6 lists the concentrations of PMbound PAHs in several major Chinese cities collected within 5 years. The results for these cities indicate average concentrations ranging from 1.36 to 1056 ng/m 3 [18,73,[127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136], and the seasonal and regional differences are consistent with the results reported by Yan et al [126]. In other Asian cities, relatively low concentrations levels of PAHs have been observed in Japan [137][138][139], South Korea [140,141], Vietnam [142], Singapore [143], Malaysia [144], Thailand [145], Qatar [146], and Lebanon [147], ranging from 0.56 ng/m 3 (Doha, Qatar) to 29.5 ng/m 3 (Gwangju, South Korea).…”

Section: Outdoor Concentrations Of Pm-bound Pahsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review

Yang

Zhang

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Particulate matter (PM) is a major factor contributing to air quality deterioration that enters the atmosphere as a consequence of various natural and anthropogenic activities. In PM, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent a class of organic chemicals with at least two aromatic rings that are mainly directly emitted via the incomplete combustion of various organic materials. Numerous toxicological and epidemiological studies have proven adverse links between exposure to particulate matter-bound (PM-bound) PAHs and human health due to their carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Among human exposure routes, inhalation is the main pathway regarding PM-bound PAHs in the atmosphere. Moreover, the concentrations of PM-bound PAHs differ among people, microenvironments and areas. Hence, understanding the behaviour of PM-bound PAHs in the atmosphere is crucial. However, because current techniques hardly monitor PAHs in real-time, timely feedback on PAHs including the characteristics of their concentration and composition, is not obtained via real-time analysis methods. Therefore, in this review, we summarize personal exposure, and indoor and outdoor PM-bound PAH concentrations for different participants, spaces, and cities worldwide in recent years. The main aims are to clarify the characteristics of PM-bound PAHs under different exposure conditions, in addition to the health effects and assessment methods of PAHs.

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Size-distribution-based assessment of human inhalation and dermal exposure to airborne parent, oxygenated and chlorinated PAHs during a regional heavy haze episode

Cited by 15 publications

References 60 publications

Recognition and Health Impacts of Organic Pollutants with Significantly Different Proportions in the Gas Phase and Size-Fractionated Particulate Phase in Ambient Air

Recognition and Health Impacts of Organic Pollutants with Significantly Different Proportions in the Gas Phase and Size-Fractionated Particulate Phase in Ambient Air

Characteristics and Health Risks of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitro-PAHs in Xinxiang, China in 2015 and 2017

Exposure to Atmospheric Particulate Matter-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Their Health Effects: A Review

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