Size-exclusion chromatography method for characterizing low-molecular-mass antioxidant lubricant additives

Greene, Susan V.; Gatto, Vincent J.

doi:10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00266-6

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Methylene bridged hindered phenolic antioxidants and alkylated diphenylamine antioxidants have demonstrated high performance to this purpose. These antioxidants are prepared by alkylation reactions, resulting in the formation of complex product mixtures (Greene and Gatto, 1999). For ZDDP, due to the complex chemical composition, a direct correspondence with an industrial product was not found.…”

Section: Dispersantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Contribution of Lube Additives to the Life Cycle Impacts of Fully Formulated Petroleum-Based Lubricants

Girotti¹

2011

American Journal of Applied Sciences

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Problem statement: Previous applications of the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology to lubricants are not sufficiently detailed and comprehensive for R and D purposes and there are no LCAs of lube additives and fully formulated lubricants. The aim of this study is to integrate and expand previous LCAs of lubricants and to investigate on the contribution of lube additives to the environmental impacts of fully formulated lubricants. Approach: This study considers three base oils (mineral, poly-alpha olefins and hydrocracked) and a set of lubricating additives typically used in fully formulated engine oil. The LCA model is based on both industry and literature data. Results: The contribution of additives to the life cycle impacts of commercial lube oil was found to be remarkably high, particularly for land occupation and metal depletion (more than 50%) and for climate change (30%). Trends in the lubricants industry towards more sophisticated base oils correspond to remarkably higher environmental impacts per kg of product, but are likely to lead to reduce impacts per km. Conclusion: While the application of LCA to lubricants can be considered fully operational for general purposes outside the lubricants industry, this is not the case for R and D purposes within the industry. Additives should not be excluded from LCAs of modern lubricants, as their contribution in terms of environmental impact can be considerably high. As base oil is concerned, this study made the point on data availability and provided a contribution in order to integrate and expand previous LCAs of fully formulated lube oils

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Section: Dispersantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Contribution of Lube Additives to the Life Cycle Impacts of Fully Formulated Petroleum-Based Lubricants

Girotti¹

2011

American Journal of Applied Sciences

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“…Also the use of mass spectrometric fingerprints for cars has been developed for cyanoacrylate polymers 11. In addition, tests have been developed using size‐exclusion chromatography for characterizing low‐molecular‐mass antioxidant lubricant additives,12 or using gel‐permeation chromatography combined with mass spectrometry for the characterization of phenolic resins 13…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass spectral fingerprints of detergents in gasolines using electrospray ionization

Carrazé

Delafoy

Bertin

et al. 2004

Rapid Comm Mass Spectrometry

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Determination of additives in synthetic base oils for gas turbine engines

Bernabei¹,

Seclì²,

Bocchinfuso³

2000

J. Micro. Sep.

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Lubricating synthetic oils, used in gas turbine engines of aircraft, are generally made up of esters of branched‐chain alcohols. Some additives are added to the base of synthetic oil improving the lubrication performance efficiency and avoiding corrosion, wear, and oxidation phenomena. Antioxidants used are generally composed of hindered phenols or aromatic amines in a concentration range of 0.25–5% (w/w). Antiwear additives are generally made up of phosphorus compounds and they should be less than 3% (w/w). In this paper, two methods are described determining additives found in lubricating oils. Both methods, based on gas chromatographic techniques, were used to measure these additives in several samples of synthetic oils, before and after accelerated oxidation. The first method is based on a gas chromatography mass spectrometer detector in selected ions monitoring, whereas the second one on a flame photometric detector with an optical filter selective for phosphorus compounds. These techniques, because of their selectivity, do not require sample pretreatments other than a dilution and addition of an internal standard and can be a useful tool evaluating ageing of lubricants in gas turbine engines. Analysis of 1–5 mL oil sample can be performed in less than 30 min. Sensitivity, reproducibility, and accuracy data of the methods are reported. ©2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 12: 585–592, 2000

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Size-exclusion chromatography method for characterizing low-molecular-mass antioxidant lubricant additives

Cited by 10 publications

References 8 publications

The Contribution of Lube Additives to the Life Cycle Impacts of Fully Formulated Petroleum-Based Lubricants

The Contribution of Lube Additives to the Life Cycle Impacts of Fully Formulated Petroleum-Based Lubricants

Mass spectral fingerprints of detergents in gasolines using electrospray ionization

Determination of additives in synthetic base oils for gas turbine engines

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