Size matters: evolution of large drug-secreting resin glands in elite pharmaceutical strains of Cannabis sativa (marijuana)

Small, Ernest; Naraine, Steve G. U.

doi:10.1007/s10722-015-0254-2

Cited by 48 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) recognizes the potential of CBD in the development of therapies but is committed to improving the regulatory pathways for lawful marketing intended to ensure consumer health and safety. The CBD has been reported to alleviate the intoxicant effects of THC but it is highly debatable and still being intensely studied [39].…”

Section: Hemp Grown For Cbdmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Current State of Knowledge of Growing Conditions, Agronomic Soil Health Practices and Utilities of Hemp in the United States

et al. 2020

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Hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) is an emerging high-value specialty crop that can be cultivated for either fiber, seed, or cannabidiol (CBD). The demand for hemp and its products has been consistently on the rise in the 21st century. The United States of America (USA) has reintroduced hemp and legalized its production as an agricultural commodity through the 2018 Federal Farm Bill. Although there is a renewed interest in the adoption of hemp due to the emerging market, its production in the United States (US) remains limited partly because of unclear agronomic guidance and fertilization recommendations. This review article provides information on the current agronomic management practices that are available in the literature and identifies the future research needs for cultivating this multipurpose crop to address the growing market demands. Hemp production could be beneficial if managed properly. Hemp fertilizer requirements vary in accordance with the type of hemp grown (seed, fiber, or CBD), soil, environmental conditions and requires a wide range of macro- and micronutrients. Integrating management practices in hemp cultivation intended to build soil health is promising since the hemp cropping system is suitable for crop rotation, cover cropping, and livestock integration through animal waste applications. Hemp also has significant environmental benefits since it has the potential to remediate contaminated soils through phytoremediation, convert high amounts of atmospheric CO2 to biomass through bio-sequestration, and hemp biomass for bioenergy production. This review identifies that most of the agronomic research in the past has been limited to hemp fiber and, to some extent, hemp seed but not CBD hemp. With the increase in the global markets for hemp products, more research needs to be conducted to provide agronomic guidelines for sustainable hemp production.

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Section: Hemp Grown For Cbdmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review on the Current State of Knowledge of Growing Conditions, Agronomic Soil Health Practices and Utilities of Hemp in the United States

et al. 2020

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“…Cannabinoid quantity varies among cultivars by four orders of magnitude (Vogelmann et al, 1987;de Meijer et al, 1992;Petri et al, 1996;Szendrei, 1997) and it is likely that other mechanisms besides the cannabinoid biosynthetic pathway are, to some extent, responsible for this variation. In particular, the size of glandular trichomes might account for substantial differences in cannabinoid quantity (Small & Naraine, 2015). The identification of genes affecting trichome development in Cannabis using homologs from model systems (Marks et al, 2009b) would therefore appear to be a promising avenue for further investigation.…”

Section: Quality Vs Quantitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Gene duplication and divergence affecting drug content in Cannabis sativa

et al. 2015

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SummaryCannabis sativa is an economically important source of durable fibers, nutritious seeds, and psychoactive drugs but few economic plants are so poorly understood genetically.Marijuana and hemp were crossed to evaluate competing models of cannabinoid inheritance and to explain the predominance of tetrahydrocannabinolic acid (THCA) in marijuana compared with cannabidiolic acid (CBDA) in hemp. Individuals in the resulting F 2 population were assessed for differential expression of cannabinoid synthase genes and were used in linkage mapping. Genetic markers associated with divergent cannabinoid phenotypes were identified.Although phenotypic segregation and a major quantitative trait locus (QTL) for the THCA/ CBDA ratio were consistent with a simple model of codominant alleles at a single locus, the diversity of THCA and CBDA synthase sequences observed in the mapping population, the position of enzyme coding loci on the map, and patterns of expression suggest multiple linked loci. Phylogenetic analysis further suggests a history of duplication and divergence affecting drug content.Marijuana is distinguished from hemp by a nonfunctional CBDA synthase that appears to have been positively selected to enhance psychoactivity. An unlinked QTL for cannabinoid quantity may also have played a role in the recent escalation of drug potency.

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“…The plant is wind-pollinated and produces achene fruits after fertilization. Interestingly, in the absence of pollen grains and pollination, the style and stigma parts of 'virgin' pistils of female cannabis plants bred for their psychoactive compounds are morphologically expanded [17]. Most cannabis varieties are short day plants with the exception of C. ruderalis that may be day-neutral and auto-flowering, and grows as weed especially on recently disturbed sites with high soil nitrogen content.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis: A Treasure Trove or Pandora's Box?

Solymosi

Köfalvi

2017

MRMC

122

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We summarize our current knowledge on the recreational use of cannabis with respect to the modes of consumption, short-term effects, chronic health consequences and cannabis use disorder. Next, we overview the molecular targets of a dozen major and minor bioactive cannabinoids in the body. This helps us introduce the endocannabinoid system in an unprecedented detail: its up-todate molecular biology, pharmacology, physiology and medical significance, and beyond. In conclusion, we offer an unbiased survey about cannabis to help better weigh its medical value versus the associated risks.

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Size matters: evolution of large drug-secreting resin glands in elite pharmaceutical strains of Cannabis sativa (marijuana)

Cited by 48 publications

References 33 publications

A Review on the Current State of Knowledge of Growing Conditions, Agronomic Soil Health Practices and Utilities of Hemp in the United States

A Review on the Current State of Knowledge of Growing Conditions, Agronomic Soil Health Practices and Utilities of Hemp in the United States

Gene duplication and divergence affecting drug content in Cannabis sativa

Cannabis: A Treasure Trove or Pandora's Box?

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