Size-segregated emission factors and health risks of PAHs from residential coal flaming/smoldering combustion

Cheng, Yi; Kong, Shaofei; Yan, Qishe; Liu, Haibiao; Wang, Wei; Chen, Kui; Yin, Yan; Zheng, Huang; Wu, Jian; Yao, Liquan; Zeng, Xin; Zheng, Shurui; Wu, Feng; Niu, Zhenzhen; Zhang, Ying; Yan, Yingying; Zheng, Minghui; Qi, Shihua

doi:10.1007/s11356-019-06340-2

Cited by 26 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…For all source emission tests, PM 2.5 samples in flue gases were collected. The burning simulation and sampling system (SI Figures S4 and S5) could be found in our previous studies. , Detailed information of the sampling process was introduced in the SI, Section S4.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…EF LG of different sources were calculated as , where i stands for different tested sources; EF i stands for the LG emission factor for source i ; v stands for the flue gas flow; m i stands for the LG mass on the filter for source i ; n stands for the dilution ratio; w stands for the sampling flow; and M i stands for the fuel consumption amounts of source i .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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First High-Resolution Emission Inventory of Levoglucosan for Biomass Burning and Non-Biomass Burning Sources in China

Kong

Zeng

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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Levoglucosan (LG) emitted from non-biomass burning (non-BB) sources has given rise to biased or even unreasonable source identification results when adopting LG as a distinct marker of biomass burning (BB). The estimation of LG emission and its spatiotemporal variation for various sources are the keys to reducing uncertainty. This study first developed a LG emission inventory for China from 25 sub-type sources belonging to eight categories, with a 3 km × 3 km spatial resolution and monthly distribution. The total LG emission in 2014 was 145.7 Gg. Domestic BB and open BB contributed 39.2 and 34.3% of the total emission. Non-BB sources, including municipal solid waste burning (9.7%), firework burning (9.6%), meat cooking (5.4%), domestic coal burning (1.5%), ritual item burning (0.2%), and industrial coal burning (0.1%), contributed to 26.5% of the total emission. LG emission varied spatially and temporally. Non-BB sources have a significant spatiotemporal impact on BB source contributions, even in high BB emission regions or in sowing, harvesting, and winter heating seasons. The local BB contributions have been substantially overestimated by 4.28–369% in previous studies, wherein LG was solely referred to as the BB source. By 2018, LG emission from BB might decrease to 63.9% of its total emission. This high-resolution LG emission inventory can be greatly useful for source identification studies in China. It also supports future research on the modeling of smoke aging and pollution control.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

First High-Resolution Emission Inventory of Levoglucosan for Biomass Burning and Non-Biomass Burning Sources in China

Kong

Zeng

et al. 2021

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…The primary pollutants from the intense coal and biomass burning in rural areas can also pose serious threats to human health. In particular, large amounts of toxic primary particles can be released from coal and biomass burning, such as the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in POA and the toxic heavy metals (Cheng et al, 2019;, which could lead to high concentrations of toxic substances in the rural atmosphere and further be transported in large scale. Recently, Zhao et al (2018) reported that approximately 80% of premature deaths occurred in the rural areas of China in 2015 was attributed to the PM2.5 released from household fuels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Persistent primary organic tar particles during the regional wintertime hazes in North China: insights into their aging and optical changes

Liu

Zhang

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Abstract. Primary organic aerosol (POA) is a major component of PM2.5 in the winter polluted air in the North China Plain (NCP), but our understanding on the atmospheric aging process of POA particles and the resulting influences on their optical properties is limited. As part of the Atmospheric Pollution and Human Health in a Chinese Megacity (APHH-Beijing) programme, we collected airborne particles at an urban site (Beijing) and an upwind rural site (Gucheng, Hebei province) in the NCP during 13–27 November 2016 for microscopic analyses. We confirmed that a distinct group of spherical or irregular POA particles with high viscosity, defined as primary organic tar (POT) particles, was emitted from the domestic coal and biomass burning at the rural site and was further transported to the urban site during the regional wintertime hazes. During the heavily polluted period (PM2.5 > 200 μg m−3), more than 60 % of the POT particles were thickly coated with secondary inorganic aerosols (named as core–shell POT-SIA particle) through the aging process, suggesting that POT particles can provide surfaces for the heterogeneous reactions of SO2 and NOx. As a result, their average particle-to-core ratios at the rural and urban sites in the heavily polluted period increased to 1.60 and 1.67, respectively. Interestingly, we found that the aging process did not change the morphology and sizes of the POT cores, indicating that POT particles are quite inert in the atmosphere and can be transported long distances. We using the Mie theory estimated that the light absorption of individual POT particles was enhanced by ~ 1.39 times in the heavily polluted period at the rural and urban sites due to the lensing effect of secondary inorganic coatings. We highlight that the lensing effect on POT particles should be considered in radiative forcing models and the governments should continue to promote clean energy in rural areas to effectively reduce primary emissions.

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“…In Table S1 lists the honeycomb briquettes, anthracite coals, bituminous coals, apple wood, cypress wood, pear wood, pine wood, bamboo, common reeds, and maize straw that were collected from rural areas. The summary of fuel proximate and elemental analysis is shown in our former researches. − A honeycomb briquette ∼0.6 kg, anthracite coal ∼0.3 kg, bituminous coal ∼0.3 kg, or biomass ∼0.3–0.5 kg were put into the stove. Under a flaming (smoldering) condition, it reflected the cooking (noncooking) period in the actual household.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A similar measurement system (Figure S1) is described in our previous studies. 27,28 Selected by a PM 10 cyclone, the smokes were mixed with clean air through a dilution tunnel (FPS-4000, Dekati Ltd.). Six dilution ratios (DR20, DR30, DR60, DR80, DR100, and DR150) were selected.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Dilution Ratio and Burning Conditions on the Number Size Distribution and Size-Dependent Mixing State of Primary Particles from Domestic Solid Fuel Burning

Zheng

Kong

Yan

et al. 2022

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

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Dilution ratios (DRs) and burning conditions obviously affect particle number size distributions (PNSD), chemical compositions, and mixing states. These impacts for domestic solid fuel burning were investigated. For honeycomb briquettes, total particle number emission factors (EFPN) under DR150 for flaming and smoldering were (7.1 ± 0.8) × 1015 and (19.6 ± 5.9) × 1016 particles kg–1, respectively. Smoldering and flaming conditions promoted different emissions of organic species, mineral species, trace metals, and soot particles, impacting the following homogeneous nucleation or condensation and collision, which could explain their diversities in PNSD. The EFPN would be overestimated under DR150 and underestimated under DR100. Single particles were classified into carbonaceous particles, K–rich particles, Na–K particles, metal particles, and other particles. For coal burning, metal-containing particles dominated (9.5%–88.7%) the particles in the size range of 0.5–1.5 μm, with 3.7%–90.3% of them containing iron (Fe). Here, 93.1% of Fe particles were already internally mixed with sulfate, and high DR150 would promote their mixing. For crop residue and wood flaming, the mixed elemental and organic carbon (ECOC) particles dominated (87.1%–95.2%), with 74.7% and 45.1% of them containing levoglucosan. The PNSDs and mixing states of chemical species are helpful to update the initial settings of corresponding modeling studies.

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Size-segregated emission factors and health risks of PAHs from residential coal flaming/smoldering combustion

Cited by 26 publications

References 48 publications

First High-Resolution Emission Inventory of Levoglucosan for Biomass Burning and Non-Biomass Burning Sources in China

First High-Resolution Emission Inventory of Levoglucosan for Biomass Burning and Non-Biomass Burning Sources in China

Persistent primary organic tar particles during the regional wintertime hazes in North China: insights into their aging and optical changes

Impact of Dilution Ratio and Burning Conditions on the Number Size Distribution and Size-Dependent Mixing State of Primary Particles from Domestic Solid Fuel Burning

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