Size-selective separation of gold nanoparticles using isoelectric focusing electrophoresis (IEF)

Arnaud, Isabelle L.; Abid, Jean‐Pierre; Roussel, Christophe; Girault, Hubert H.

doi:10.1039/b413719a

Cited by 60 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Successful separations of gold/silver nanoparticles or QDs based on their sizes or surface charges have been achieved using slab-gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, or capillary electrophoresis (CE) [96][97][98][99][100][101][102]. While the slab-gel technique provides the ability to collect the purified nanoproducts, CE offers fast separation speed and low sample consumption, allowing in situ monitoring of the synthesis process for better product quality control.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomaterials in fluorescence-based biosensing

2009

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Fluorescence-based detection is the most common method utilized in biosensing because of its high sensitivity, simplicity, and diversity. In the era of nanotechnology, nanomaterials are starting to replace traditional organic dyes as detection labels because they offer superior optical properties, such as brighter fluorescence, wider selections of excitation and emission wavelengths, higher photostability, etc. Their size-or shape-controllable optical characteristics also facilitate the selection of diverse probes for higher assay throughput. Furthermore, the nanostructure can provide a solid support for sensing assays with multiple probe molecules attached to each nanostructure, simplifying assay design and increasing the labeling ratio for higher sensitivity. The current review summarizes the applications of nanomaterialsincluding quantum dots, metal nanoparticles, and silica nanoparticles-in biosensing using detection techniques such as fluorescence, fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), fluorescence lifetime measurement, and multiphoton microscopy. The advantages nanomaterials bring to the field of biosensing are discussed. The review also points out the importance of analytical separations in the preparation of nanomaterials with fine optical and physical properties for biosensing. In conclusion, nanotechnology provides a great opportunity to analytical chemists to develop better sensing strategies, but also relies on modern analytical techniques to pave its way to practical applications.Keywords Nanomaterials . Quantum dots . Gold nanoparticle . Silica nanoparticle . Fluorescence . FRET . Biosensing OverviewSensitive detection of target analytes present at trace levels in biological samples often requires the labeling of reporter molecules with fluorescent dyes, because fluorescence detection is by far the dominant detection method in the field of sensing technology, due to its simplicity, the convenience of transducing the optical signal, the availability of organic dyes with diverse spectral properties, and the rapid advances made in optical imaging. However, it can be difficult to obtain a low detection limit in fluorescence detection due to the limited extinction coefficients or quantum yields of organic dyes and the low dye-toreporter molecule labeling ratio. The recent explosion of nanotechnology, leading to the development of materials with submicron-sized dimensions and unique optical properties, has opened up new horizons for fluorescence detection. Nanomaterials can be made from both inorganic and organic materials and are less than 100 nm in length

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nanomaterials in fluorescence-based biosensing

2009

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“…The viability of this approach was confirmed by Arnaud et al [89] by the size-selective separation of gold nanoparticles coated with mercaptosuccinic acid via IEF in a polyacrylamide pH gradient gel. Isolation of a zone allowed the purification of a crude sample of gold nanoparticles with concomitant narrowing of the size distribution.…”

Section: Iefmentioning

confidence: 67%

Characterization of nanoparticles by capillary electromigration separation techniques

Pyell¹

2010

Electrophoresis

133

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Considering the large number of papers presented in the last years in the field of CE and plate gel electrophoresis (PGE) of nanoparticles and nanoparticle-biomolecule conjugates, this review article gives an overview on the application of capillary electromigration separation techniques for the separation of nanoparticles and nanoparticle-biomolecule conjugates according to differences in size and/or zeta potential and for the determination of several physicochemical parameters characterizing a population of nanoparticles. A brief introduction is given into the theoretical background of the size-selective electrophoretic separation of nanospheres in free-solution and sieving media including involvement of interparticle interactions. Some aspects of colloidal system stability are discussed. Applications of capillary electromigration techniques in the field of size-selective and/or surface charge density-selective separation of nanoparticles and nanoparticle-biomolecule conjugates are described, including free-solution CE, CGE, IEF, and ITP, complemented by an overview on the application of (semipreparative) PGE in the field of nanotechnology and nanobiotechnology. The review also includes actual developments regarding the coupling of capillary electromigration techniques to (wavelength-resolved) LIF and other selective detection methods and studies concerning individual-particle CE.

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“…x 3' and x 3" are mole fractions of CO 2 and hexane, respectively, in the solvent mixture of CO 2 and hexane excluding the ligand, as given in Table 5, where molar compositions and molar volumes of the liquid phase for CO 2 shell of one extended ligand length from the particle surface (i.e. local volume fraction of the ligand coating the particle surface), and it was calculated by modeling the ligand as a cylindrical structure extending from the particle surface.…”

Section: Theoretical Sectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As such, post synthesis processing is required to further refine the size distribution to the desired monodisperse range. A variety of post-synthesis techniques have been developed to narrow size distributions including the use of liquid antisolvents to selectively control precipitation, isoelectric focusing electrophoresis (IEF) 2 and chromatography techniques. Addition of liquid antisolvent such as ethanol is the most commonly used method to cause size selective nanoparticle precipitation from organic solution.…”

Section: Report Detailsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Report for Fractionation and Separation of Polydisperse Nanoparticles into Distinct Monodisperse Fractions Using CO2 Expanded Liquids

Roberts¹

2007

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The overall objective of this project was to facilitate efficient fractionation and separation of polydisperse metal nanoparticle populations into distinct monodisperse fractions using the tunable solvent properties of gas expanded liquids. Specifically, the dispersibility of ligand-stabilized nanoparticles in an organic solution was controlled by altering the ligand-solvent interaction (solvation) by the addition of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) gas as an antisolvent (thereby tailoring the bulk solvent strength) in a custom high pressure apparatus developed in our lab. This was accomplished by adjusting the CO 2 pressure over the liquid dispersion, resulting in a simple means of tuning the nanoparticle precipitation by size. Overall, this work utilized the highly tunable solvent properties of organic/CO 2 solvent mixtures to selectively size-separate dispersions of polydisperse nanoparticles (ranging from 1 to 20 nm in size) into monodisperse fractions (±1nm). Specifically, three primary tasks were performed to meet the overall objective. Task 1 involved the investigation of the effects of various operating parameters (such as temperature, pressure, ligand length and ligand type) on the efficiency of separation and fractionation of Ag nanoparticles. In addition, a thermodynamic interaction energy model was developed to predict the dispersibility of different sized nanoparticles in the gas expanded liquids at various conditions. Task 2 involved the extension of the experimental procedures identified in task 1 to the separation of other metal particles used in catalysis such as Au as well as other materials such as semiconductor particles (e.g. CdSe). Task 3 involved using the optimal conditions identified in tasks 1 and 2 to scale up the process to handle sample sizes of greater than 1 g. An experimental system was designed to allow nanoparticles of increasingly smaller sizes to be precipitated sequentially in a vertical series of high pressure vessels by moving the liquid nanoparticle dispersion from the top vessel to the bottom vessel with corresponding CO 2 pressure increases at each stage. For example, three fractions with average diameters of 7.00 nm, 4.35 nm, and 3.95 nm were recovered from a 20ml sample of Ag nanoparticles dispersed in hexane at pressures of 625 psi, 650 psi, >650 psi, respectively.

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Size-selective separation of gold nanoparticles using isoelectric focusing electrophoresis (IEF)

Cited by 60 publications

References 15 publications

Nanomaterials in fluorescence-based biosensing

Nanomaterials in fluorescence-based biosensing

Characterization of nanoparticles by capillary electromigration separation techniques

Final Report for Fractionation and Separation of Polydisperse Nanoparticles into Distinct Monodisperse Fractions Using CO2 Expanded Liquids

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