Sizing and economic analysis of stand-alone hybrid photovoltaic-wind system for rural electrification: A case study Lundu, Sarawak

Design and Techno-Economic Analysis of a Hydrogen-Based Micro Hydro-Solar Hybrid Energy System for Sustainable Energy Access: A Case Study in Sri Aman, Sarawak

“…This section will focus on past rural electrification studies to give some insights into the nature of rural electrification and the general analysis of the respective system. The areas covered in Sarawak include Tatau [5], Kapit, Limbang, Sri Aman [6], Lundu [7], and Samarahan [8]. Areas outside of Sarawak that are covered include India [9], China [10], and Iran [11].…”

“…Generally, solar energy is a common pick for rural electrification, as most of the examined works, such as [5,7,11], utilize solar. The necessary technology to implement a stand-alone solar energy system has matured, and most of the successful rural electrification projects in Malaysia were reported to be using solar energy [5], hence a strong indication of its maturity as a solution.…”

“…The wind energy system was part of the investigation by [7] for a Photovoltaic (PV)-wind HRES. Their investigation revealed that wind is very pricey, as seen in Fig.…”

“…Costs such as NPC, COE, O&M, and Capital are the financial focus. A sensitivity test should be performed to examine how sensitive the HRES is concerning the given parameters, such as cost [7] and load demand [10]. The parameters to design a HRES are generally the same, as seen in how solar irradiance is taken to size the solar energy system [5,7,9], flow rate to size the hydro system [5,6], biomass resources to size the biomass energy system [5,6,9], and wind speed for the wind energy component [5][6][7].…”

“…A sensitivity test should be performed to examine how sensitive the HRES is concerning the given parameters, such as cost [7] and load demand [10]. The parameters to design a HRES are generally the same, as seen in how solar irradiance is taken to size the solar energy system [5,7,9], flow rate to size the hydro system [5,6], biomass resources to size the biomass energy system [5,6,9], and wind speed for the wind energy component [5][6][7]. These traits are also observed in the works at different locations, such as in Pakistan [17,18], and Ghana [19], as well as in other parts of Sarawak, such as Bario [20].…”