Sjögren’s Syndrome

Fox, Robert I.; Fox, Carla M.

doi:10.1007/978-3-211-99225-8_13

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 174 publications

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“…“A systematic course of clinical study is only possible in our large cities, and yet the physician in any remote locality may be called upon to treat the rarest forms of skin disease,” observed New York City-based dermatologist George Henry Fox presciently in 1880, referencing the usefulness of what were then newly developed photographic visual aids …”

Section: Kodachrome and The Rise Of Color Film–based Visual Aidsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Ode to Kodachrome

Perng

Greer

2022

JAMA Dermatol

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ImportanceFrom its debut in 1935 until its discontinuation in 2009, Eastman Kodak Company’s Kodachrome color reversal film was a cornerstone for dermatologic teaching innovations that transformed 20th century medical education. This Special Communication examines Kodachrome’s contributions to the field of dermatology, as well as its lessons for improving inclusive representation of patients of all skin tones in 21st century dermatologic curricula.ObservationsKodachrome’s color quality, its slide transparency format, and its broad commercial availability democratized the creation, sharing, and teaching of visual information about skin disease in the 20th century. Kodachrome’s usefulness as a complement to bedside teaching modernized medical school curricula, dermatologic conferences, and the American Board of Dermatology certifying examination, which inspired the Kodachrome-style of didactic that remains central to dermatologic training programs today. However, Kodachrome film was also the product of a prejudiced era when color film technology and photographic best practices were optimized for white skin. These biases are still evident in industry standards, photographic techniques, and the historically unjust representation of skin of color in educational resources.Conclusions and RelevanceKodachrome film contributed substantially to shaping 20th-century medical education; however, its legacy is a reminder that diverse and inclusive image representation in dermatologic curricula is vital to counteracting implicit biases, correcting assumptions about disease epidemiology, and providing high-quality care for patients of all skin tones. Historical biases that have harmed representations of racial and ethnic minorities in dermatologic curricula are being addressed through improvements in digital photographic technologies, photographic best practices that serve a broader range of skin tones, inclusive skin color representation in contemporary educational resources, and skin-of-color specific curriculum for learners.

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Section: Kodachrome and The Rise Of Color Film–based Visual Aidsmentioning

confidence: 99%