Skeletal mineralogy of bryozoans: Taxonomic and temporal patterns

Smith, Abigail M.; Key, Marcus M.; Gordon, Dennis P.

doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2006.06.001

Cited by 122 publications

(160 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Concordantly, higher Mg:Ca ratios observed here in the shells of individuals exposed to elevated pCO 2 suggest that this elemental ratio increased in in those treatments. Higher Mg:Ca ratio in seawater is indeed known to favour the formation of Mg rich aragonite, instead of calcite (Ries et al, 2009;Smith et al, 2006), though seawater was not undersaturated for calcite or aragonite during our experiments (Queiros et al, 2015, Supplementary Table S1). N. lapillus may therefore have a delayed transition from aragonite to calcite in more energetically challenging conditions (such as OA) as the former is less energetically demanding to deposit, particularly under in low pH scenarios (Weiss et al, 2002).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Long-term exposure to elevated pCO2 more than warming modifies early-life shell growth in a temperate gastropod

Rühl

Calosi

Faulwetter

et al. 2017

ICES Journal of Marine Science

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Long-term exposure to elevated pCO 2 more than warming modifies early-life shell growth in a temperate gastropod. -ICES Journal of Marine Science, doi:10.1093/icesjms/fsw242. Co-occurring global change drivers, such as ocean warming and acidification, can have large impacts on the behaviour, physiology, and health of marine organisms. However, whilst early-life stages are thought to be most sensitive to these impacts, little is known about the individual level processes by which such impacts take place. Here, using mesocosm experiments simulating ocean warming (OW) and ocean acidification (OA) conditions expected for the NE Atlantic region by 2100 using a variety of treatments of elevated pCO 2 and temperature. We investigated their impacts on bio-mineralization, microstructure, and ontogeny of Nucella lapillus (L.) juveniles, a common gastropod predator that exerts important top-down controls on biodiversity patterns in temperate rocky shores. The shell of juveniles hatched in mesocosms during a 14 month long experiment were analysed using micro-CT scanning, 3D geometric morphometrics, and scanning-electron microscopy. Elevated temperature and age determined shell density, length, width, thickness, elemental chemistry, shape, and shell surface damages. However, co-occurring elevated pCO 2 modified the impacts of elevated temperature, in line with expected changes in carbonate chemistry driven by temperature. Young N. lapillus from acidified treatments had weaker shells and were therefore expected to be more vulnerable to predation and environmental pressures such as wave action. However, in some instances, the effects of both higher CO 2 content and elevated temperature appeared to have reversed as the individuals aged. This study suggests that compensatory development may therefore occur, and that expected increases in juvenile mortality under OA and OW may be counteracted, to some degree, by high plasticity in shell formation in this species. This feature may prove advantageous for N. lapillus community dynamics in near-future conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 74%

Long-term exposure to elevated pCO2 more than warming modifies early-life shell growth in a temperate gastropod

Rühl

Calosi

Faulwetter

et al. 2017

ICES Journal of Marine Science

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“…There are several advantages of this dataset: (1) taxonomic identifications were made by one scientist, (2) uniform analytical methods of magnesium content were obtained using standard XRD methods (for details see Kukliński and Taylor 2009), (3) precise depth values and high sampling resolution were available, (4) replicates of the same species were analyzed, (5) a large number of samples ([100) were available, (6) the environmental context and ecological distributional patterns of Arctic bryozoans are quite well known, (7) the quality of the specimens (e.g., for contaminant epibionts) was carefully controlled and (8) sampling was essentially random. Other published datasets, for example on bryozoans (e.g., Borisenko and Gontar 1991;Smith et al 2006;Kukliński and Taylor 2008;Smith and Clark 2010), lack sampling depth data, focus on areas other than the Arctic, employ a smaller number of samples or used destructive mineralogical/geochemical analysis techniques excluding further specimen verification causing taxonomic inconsistencies. The bryozoans studied by Kukliński and Taylor (2009) came from numerous localities (see Fig.…”

Section: Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The solubility of calcite increases with increase in mol% MgCO 3 (e.g., Morse et al 2006;Andersson et al 2009), to the extent that calcite containing a high proportion of MgCO 3 is even more soluble than aragonite (e.g., Andersson et al 2009), the other common calcium carbonate biomineral which is generally regarded as being especially prone to dissolution. Quantitative spatial patterns of Mg contents in calcium carbonate biomineralizers, including bryozoans, have seldom been investigated (but see, for example, Smith et al 2006;Taylor 2008, 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of magnesium content in Arctic bryozoan skeletons along a depth gradient

2012

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A growing body of evidence suggests that ocean acidification acting synergistically with ocean warming alters carbonate biomineralization in a variety of marine biota. Magnesium often substitutes for Ca in the calcite skeletons of marine invertebrates, increasing their solubility. The spatioenvironmental distribution of Mg in marine invertebrates has seldom been studied, despite its importance for assessing vulnerabilities to ocean acidification. Because pH decreases with water depth, it is predicted that levels of Mg in calcite skeletons should also decrease to counteract dissolution. Such a pattern has been suggested by evidence from echinoderms. Data on magnesium content and depth in Arctic bryozoans (52 species, 103 individuals, 150 samples) are here used to test this prediction, aided by comparison with six conceptual models explaining all possible scenarios. Analyses were based on a uniform dataset spanning more than 200 m of coastal water depth. No significant relationship was found between depth and Mg content; indeed, the highest Mg content among the analyzed taxa (8.7 % mol MgCO 3 ) was recorded from the deepest settings ([200 m). Our findings contrast with previously published results from echinoderms in which Mg was found to decrease with depth. The bryozoan results suggest that ocean acidification may have less impact on the studied bryozoans than is generally assumed. In the broad context, our study exemplifies quantitative testing of spatial patterns of skeletal geochemistry for predicting the biological effects of environmental change in the oceans.

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“…Carbonate skeletons of cheilostome bryozoans living in warm waters comprise calcite, aragonite or are bimineralic (with calcite overlain by aragonite), and in those employing calcite the percentage of Mg is often high (Smith et al 2006, Taylor et al 2009). On the other hand, in cold-water, cheilostome species with aragonitic and bimineralic skeletons are rare and the Mg content in the calcite is typically lower (Kuklinski & Taylor 2008, 2009Loxton et al 2012).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Palaeogeographical patterns in Late Ordovician bryozoan morphology as proxies for temperature

Jiménez-Sánchez¹,

Taylor²,

Gomez³

2013

Bull. Geosci.

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Several studies have revealed temperature-related patterns in recent bryozoans, both in the chemical composition of the skeleton and in the morphological characters of the colonies, but comparable studies on Palaeozoic bryozoans are lacking. In this paper a statistical analysis of the morphological differences is undertaken between congeneric species of some Ordovician bryozoans from warm-and cold-water settings. For this study ten eurythermic cosmopolitan bryozoan genera from the Upper Ordovician were selected from the Mediterranean, Avalonia, Baltic and Laurentia-Siberian provinces. These genera are: Ceramopora and Ceramoporella (Cystoporata); Diplotrypa, Eridotrypa, Hallopora, Heterotrypa, Monticulipora and Trematopora (Trepostomata); Graptodictya (Cryptostomata); and Kukersella (Cyclostomata). The study involved 154 samples belonging to 104 different species. Twenty-eight morphological characters were measured, although only 21 were used in the final statistical analysis. Univariate (t, F, Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Mann-Whitney tests), multivariate discriminant and multivariate ordination (Principal Coordinates, Principal Components, Correspondence, and Detrended Correspondence) analyses were performed on the data. For the univariate and multivariate discriminant analyses, the total set of samples was divided a priori into cold-and warm-water subsets based on palaeolatitude: samples from the Mediterranean province were attributed to the cold-water subset, whereas samples from Avalonia, Baltic and the Laurentian-Siberian provinces were included in the warm-water subset. For the multivariate ordination analysis no a priori grouping by water temperature was imposed, and the aim of these analyses was to test whether different samples were correctly arranged along a water temperature gradient. The univariate statistical analysis showed that there are clear morphological differences between cold-and warm-water species in six of the ten Late Ordovician bryozoan genera analysed in this study, although these differences are only evident for some of the characters used, and only when the analysis is performed on individual genera. The best characters to differentiate species by water temperature are those related to the size of the zooidal polymorphs, especially the diameters of the autozooecia, mesozooecia and exilazooecia. With the exception of one genus (Trematopora), cold-water species have larger zooids. The discriminant analysis was able to classify correctly as warm-or cold-water 100% of the samples for two genera, slightly below 95% for two other genera, and between 67% and 90% for the remaining six genera. Finally, the multivariate ordination analysis was able to separate species by palaeogeographical province in some genera, but these provinces were not correctly arranged along a palaeolatitudinal gradient using any of the methods used. • Key words: bryozoans, cosmopolitan genera, latitudinal adaptations, univariate and multivariate statistical analysis.

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Skeletal mineralogy of bryozoans: Taxonomic and temporal patterns

Cited by 122 publications

References 23 publications

Long-term exposure to elevated pCO2 more than warming modifies early-life shell growth in a temperate gastropod

Long-term exposure to elevated pCO2 more than warming modifies early-life shell growth in a temperate gastropod

Patterns of magnesium content in Arctic bryozoan skeletons along a depth gradient

Palaeogeographical patterns in Late Ordovician bryozoan morphology as proxies for temperature

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