Skeletal muscle architectural adaptations to marathon run training

Murach, Kevin A.; Greever, Cory; Luden, Nicholas D.

doi:10.1139/apnm-2014-0287

Cited by 21 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…These results cannot be explained by the strategy mentioned above. It should be noted that the three studies observed a decrease in the fascicle length 55,58,59) . Inter-and intra-muscle differences in the changes in pennation angle were also confirmed 45,68,71,84) .…”

Section: Evidence For Pennation Angle Changementioning

confidence: 83%

“…Overall, training-induced increases in fascicle length are accompanied by an increase in muscle size (muscle hypertrophy, which is defined as an increase in muscle fiber area, muscle thickness, anatomical crosssectional area or volume in this article), although four studies failed to find muscle hypertrophy 45,52,54,55) and two studies did not show the data on muscle size 56,57) . Two studies observed a decrease in fascicle length of the gastrocnemius with 58) and without 59) muscle hypertrophy, and Timmins et al 55) showed a decrease in the fascicle length of BF without muscle hypertrophy. It should be noted that some reports 43,45) calculated fascicle length as the muscle thickness divided by the sine component of the pennation angle determined by small probe width, which could involve a large error 14) .…”

Section: Longitudinal Study Evidence For Fascicle Length Changementioning

confidence: 97%

“…Studies have found changes in the pennation angle of each muscle of the quadriceps femoris 68) , as well as VL, RF 83,84) , BF 55) , MG 85) , LG 59,86) , TB 70,73,87,88) , biceps brachii 89) , brachialis 89) and supraspinous 90) . A positive correlation was shown between the absolute values of muscle thickness and pennation angle for TB 73) and each muscle of the quadriceps femoris 68) before and after the interventions.…”

Section: Evidence For Pennation Angle Changementioning

confidence: 99%

“…These studies strongly suggest that a generic hypertrophic process in a pennate muscle is accompanied by an increase in pennation angle. On the other hand, an increase in pennation angle of the gastrocnemius without hypertrophy was indicated after marathon training 59) and complex training (strength and power sets within a single session) 58) or of BF after concentric-only training 55) . These results cannot be explained by the strategy mentioned above.…”

Section: Evidence For Pennation Angle Changementioning

confidence: 99%

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Training-induced changes in architecture of human skeletal muscles: Current evidence and unresolved issues

Ema

Akagi

Wakahara

et al. 2016

JPFSM

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The present review summarizes current evidence and unresolved issues regarding training-induced changes in the architecture of human skeletal muscles. As architectural parameters, we focused on the fascicle length and pennation angle, which are related to force-generating capability of pennate muscles. Cross-sectional studies in sport athletes suggested changes in both the parameters following chronic sport-specific activities. Longitudinal training intervention experiments indicated direct evidence of the plasticity of the two parameters induced by resistance training, but no consensus has been reached regarding the factors influencing those changes. Considering the importance of fascicle arrangement on muscle function, future studies are required to explain the underpinning mechanisms of the adaptation.

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Section: Evidence For Pennation Angle Changementioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Longitudinal Study Evidence For Fascicle Length Changementioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Evidence For Pennation Angle Changementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Evidence For Pennation Angle Changementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Training-induced changes in architecture of human skeletal muscles: Current evidence and unresolved issues

Ema

Akagi

Wakahara

et al. 2016

JPFSM

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Most ultrasound studies of gastrocnemius muscle architecture have assessed changes related to aging and to resistance training . There has been a single study reporting a 17% increase in pennation angle and 10% decrease in fascicle length, with no hypertrophy in the GL following a 12‐week marathon training program . It has been suggested that the stimulus for architectural adaptations is not sufficient in endurance running due to the low load, high volume nature of ultradistance running training .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calf muscle architecture and function in ultra runners and low physical activity individuals: A comparative review

et al. 2018

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Introduction: There is a high incidence of calf injuries in ultradistance runners. Due to the low load, high volume nature of ultradistance running, the stimulation for adaptation in the gastrocnemius from running alone, may not be sufficient to stimulate adaptation. The purpose of this study was to assess the adaption in the architectural and functional components of the calf in ultradistance runners. Methods: Thirty participants (16 ultradistance runners, 14 low physical activities)were recruited for this study. Ultrasound assessment of the gastrocnemius muscle architecture, including fascicle length, thickness, pennation angle, volume, and physiological cross-sectional area was performed. Functional tests assessing calf flexibility and calf muscle-tendon unit endurance were performed. Results: No significant differences were observed in medial gastrocnemius thickness, fascicle length, or pennation angle between groups. Gastrocnemius PCSA and volume were significantly increased in runners compared to low physical activity participants (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). Average calf endurance was significantly increased in runners (P = 0.03). Conclusions:Ultradistance running training appears to stimulate relatively few changes in the medial gastrocnemius. It is possible that an absence of adaptation in the architecture of the medial gastrocnemius in response to endurance training might contribute to the high incidence of calf injuries among ultradistance runners. K E Y W O R D Sarchitecture, gastrocnemius, running, ultradistance, ultrasound

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Adaptations to strength training differ between endurance-trained and untrained women

et al. 2020

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate if endurance athletes, sustaining their normal endurance training, experience attenuated adaptations to strength training compared to untrained individuals. Methods Eleven non-strength-trained female endurance athletes (E + S) added 11 weeks of strength training to their normal endurance training (5.1 ± 1.1 h per week), and 10 untrained women (S) performed the same strength training without any endurance training. The strength training consisted of four leg exercises [3 × 4 − 10 repetition maximum (RM)], performed twice a week for 11 weeks. Results E + S and S displayed similar increases in 1RM one-legged leg press (E + S 39 ± 19%, S 42 ± 17%, p < 0.05), maximal isometric torque in knee extension (E + S 12 ± 11%, S 8 ± 10%, p < 0.05) and lean mass in the legs (E + S 3 ± 4%, S 3 ± 3%, p < 0.05). However, S displayed superior increases in peak torque in knee extension at an angular velocity of 240° sec −1 (E + S 8 ± 5%, S 15 ± 7%, p < 0.05) and maximal squat jump height (E + S 8 ± 6%, S 14 ± 7%, p < 0.05). Conclusions In this study, concurrent training did not impair the adaptations in the ability to develop force at low contraction velocities or muscle hypertrophy. However, concurrent training attenuated strength training-associated changes in the ability to develop force at higher muscular contraction velocities.

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Skeletal muscle architectural adaptations to marathon run training

Cited by 21 publications

References 32 publications

Training-induced changes in architecture of human skeletal muscles: Current evidence and unresolved issues

Training-induced changes in architecture of human skeletal muscles: Current evidence and unresolved issues

Calf muscle architecture and function in ultra runners and low physical activity individuals: A comparative review

Adaptations to strength training differ between endurance-trained and untrained women

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