Skeletal Muscle Characteristics of Sprint Cyclists and Nonathletes

Macková, Eva; Melichna, J; Havlíčková, Ladislava; Placheta, Zdeněk; Blahová, D.; Semiginovský, B

doi:10.1055/s-2008-1025778

Cited by 14 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Professional cyclists have larger thigh muscles (at the whole muscle and myofiber levels) compared to normal individuals [33][34][35] . The greater muscle size may be accounted for by their race specific training, other training such as high power pedaling, resistance training, genetic factors, or a combination of them.…”

Section: Muscle Hypertrophy With Endurance Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological stimuli necessary for muscle hypertrophy

Ozaki

Abe

Mikesky

et al. 2015

JPFSM

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This paper reviews the existing literature about muscle hypertrophy resulting from various types of training to document the significance of mechanical and metabolic stresses, and to challenge the conventional ideas of achieving hypertrophy that exclusively rely on highload resistance training. Low-load resistance training can induce comparable hypertrophy to that of high-load resistance training when each bout or set is performed until lifting failure. This is attributable to the greater exercise volume and metabolic stress achieved with low-load exercise at lifting failure, which, however, results in a prolonged exercise bout. Endurance exercises (walking and cycling) at moderate intensity are also capable of eliciting muscle hypertrophy, but at much slower rates (months rather than weeks) in limited muscle or age groups. Blood flow restriction (BFR) in working muscles, however, accelerates the development of metabolic fatigue, alleviating the time consuming issue associated with low-load or endurance training. These alternative training methods, however, cannot completely replace conventional high-load resistance training, which provides superior strength gain as well as performance improvement even for trained individuals. The alternative approaches, therefore, may be considered for those who are less enthusiastic or under certain medical conditions, or who have limited or no access to proper equipment. However, people should be aware that low-load resistance training or endurance training entails substantial effort and/or discomfort at lifting failure or with BFR. Understanding the advantages and disadvantages of each method will help in assigning the most suitable training program for each client's goals and needs.

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Section: Muscle Hypertrophy With Endurance Trainingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiological stimuli necessary for muscle hypertrophy

Ozaki

Abe

Mikesky

et al. 2015

JPFSM

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“…In fact, it has been suggested that world class sprint athletes may reach even higher O 2 deficits (8,25,31). The superiority of sprint cyclists in anaerobic power and capacity is probably the result of an increased percentage of type II fibers, more appropriate enzymatic machinery to produce ATP through anaerobic pathways, and enhanced buffer capacity (8,13,20,21). However, fatigue index was markedly higher in the sprint than the endurance cyclists.…”

Section: Differences Between Endurance and Sprint Specialistsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anaerobic energy provision does not limit Wingate exercise performance in endurance-trained cyclists

Calbet

Paz

Garatachea

et al. 2003

Journal of Applied Physiology

155

139

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of severe acute hypoxia on exercise performance and metabolism during 30-s Wingate tests. Five endurance- (E) and five sprint- (S) trained track cyclists from the Spanish National Team performed 30-s Wingate tests in normoxia and hypoxia (inspired O(2) fraction = 0.10). Oxygen deficit was estimated from submaximal cycling economy tests by use of a nonlinear model. E cyclists showed higher maximal O(2) uptake than S (72 +/- 1 and 62 +/- 2 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1), P < 0.05). S cyclists achieved higher peak and mean power output, and 33% larger oxygen deficit than E (P < 0.05). During the Wingate test in normoxia, S relied more on anaerobic energy sources than E (P < 0.05); however, S showed a larger fatigue index in both conditions (P < 0.05). Compared with normoxia, hypoxia lowered O(2) uptake by 16% in E and S (P < 0.05). Peak power output, fatigue index, and exercise femoral vein blood lactate concentration were not altered by hypoxia in any group. Endurance cyclists, unlike S, maintained their mean power output in hypoxia by increasing their anaerobic energy production, as shown by 7% greater oxygen deficit and 11% higher postexercise lactate concentration. In conclusion, performance during 30-s Wingate tests in severe acute hypoxia is maintained or barely reduced owing to the enhancement of the anaerobic energy release. The effect of severe acute hypoxia on supramaximal exercise performance depends on training background.

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“…Hug et al (36) have shown that total thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), especially vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF) muscle CSA, is larger for professional cyclists than for recreationallyactive sport science students. Maximum isometric strength of knee extension is greater in track sprint cyclists than in untrained subjects (52). In addition, both fast-(FT) and slowtwitch (ST) muscle fiber areas in VL are larger in cyclists than that of untrained subjects (25,52).…”

mentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In cross-sectional studies, it is known that professional cyclists have larger thigh muscle size compared to controls (36,52). Hug et al (36) have shown that total thigh muscle cross-sectional area (CSA), especially vastus lateralis (VL) and biceps femoris (BF) muscle CSA, is larger for professional cyclists than for recreationallyactive sport science students.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Maximum isometric strength of knee extension is greater in track sprint cyclists than in untrained subjects (52). In addition, both fast-(FT) and slowtwitch (ST) muscle fiber areas in VL are larger in cyclists than that of untrained subjects (25,52). It is unclear, however, whether the greater muscle size and strength were induced exclusively by cycle training because elite cyclists perform other types of exercise training such as resistance training.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cycle training induces muscle hypertrophy and strength gain: strategies and mechanisms

Ozaki¹,

Loenneke²,

Thiebaud³

et al. 2015

Acta Physiologica Hungarica

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Cycle training is widely performed as a major part of any exercise program seeking to improve aerobic capacity and cardiovascular health. However, the effect of cycle training on muscle size and strength gain still requires further insight, even though it is known that professional cyclists display larger muscle size compared to controls. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to discuss the effects of cycle training on muscle size and strength of the lower extremity and the possible mechanisms for increasing muscle size with cycle training. It is plausible that cycle training requires a longer period to significantly increase muscle size compared to typical resistance training due to a much slower hypertrophy rate. Cycle training induces muscle hypertrophy similarly between young and older age groups, while strength gain seems to favor older adults, which suggests that the probability for improving in muscle quality appears to be higher in older adults compared to young adults. For young adults, higher-intensity intermittent cycling may be required to achieve strength gains. It also appears that muscle hypertrophy induced by cycle training results from the positive changes in muscle protein net balance.Keywords: aerobic exercise, muscular adaptation, lower body, cycling, ergometer Endurance training is a major part of any exercise program seeking to improve aerobic capacity and cardiovascular health. Another major part of exercise programming is strength/ resistance training, which improves muscle morphology. Thus to improve muscular strength and cardiovascular fitness in young, middle-aged and older populations, the American College of Sports Medicine recommends combining training intensity, volume, and frequency to optimize muscle hypertrophy and strength gain as well as aerobic capacity (V O 2 max) (23). However, the vigorous training intensity and/or high training frequency might hinder some older adults from participating in this type of training program. Interestingly, recent studies have reported concurrent improvements in V O 2 max and muscle hypertrophy in young and older populations after single exercise training (27,62,64,65). These single exercise modes include ambulatory exercise (walking, jogging, and running), cycling, and swimming.

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Skeletal Muscle Characteristics of Sprint Cyclists and Nonathletes

Cited by 14 publications

References 9 publications

Physiological stimuli necessary for muscle hypertrophy

Physiological stimuli necessary for muscle hypertrophy

Anaerobic energy provision does not limit Wingate exercise performance in endurance-trained cyclists

Cycle training induces muscle hypertrophy and strength gain: strategies and mechanisms

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