Skeletal muscle growth dynamics and the influence of first-feeding diet in Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhuaL.)

Abstract

Dynamics between hypertrophy (increase in cell size) and hyperplasia (increase in cell numbers) of white and red muscle in relation to body size [standard length (SL)], and the influence of the first-feeding diets on muscle growth were investigated in Atlantic cod larvae (Gadus morhua). Cod larvae were fed copepod nauplii or rotifers of different nutritional qualities from 4 to 29 days post hatching (dph), Artemia nauplii from 20 to 40 dph and a formulated diet from 36 to 60 dph. The short period of feeding with cultivated copepod nauplii had a positive effect on both muscle hyperplasia and hypertrophy after the copepod/rotifer phase (19 dph), and a positive long term effect on muscle hypertrophy (60 dph). The different nutritional qualities of rotifers did not significantly affect muscle growth. We suggest here a model of the dynamics between hyperplasia and hypertrophy of red and white muscle fibre cells in relation to cod SL (4 to 30 mm), where the different red and white muscle growth phases clearly coincided with different metamorphosis stages in cod larvae. These shifts could be included as biomarkers for the different stages of development during metamorphosis. The main dietary muscle effect was that hypertrophic growth of red muscle fibres was stronger in cod larvae that were fed copepods than in larvae that were fed rotifers, both in relation to larval age and size. Red muscle fibres are directly involved in larval locomotory performance, but may also play an important role in the larval myogenesis. This can have a long term effect on growth potential and fish performance.

Differential response of oxidative and glycolytic skeletal muscle fibers to mesterolone

“…Skeletal muscles grow through either only hypertrophy or both hypertrophy and hyperplasia 24 . In this study, we could not exclude the possibility of mesterolone-induced hyperplasia of the ALD muscle.…”

Effect of diet on molecular relationships between Atlantic cod larval muscle growth dynamics, metabolism, and antioxidant defense system

“…In cod larvae, stratified hyperplasia occurs in the 5 -15 mm SL larvae and is the predominant muscle growth mechanism in the 7 -10 mm SL cod larvae (Vo et al, 2016) during the live prey feeding period. After hatching teleost muscle hyperplasia requires the proliferation of muscle precursor cells and a common feature of many proliferating cells is aerobic glycolysis, a phenomenon termed "the Warburg effect" (Vander Heiden et al, 2009).…”

“…Cod larvae hatch at around 3 -4 mm SL, they start with an anguilliform swimming behavior, characterized by undulations throughout the body, and they gradually shift to a carangiform swimming mode, with movements mainly near the tail (Weihs, 1980;Webb and Weihs, 1986;Osse and van den Boogart et al, 2004;Müller et al, 2008;Voesenek et al, 2018). Their swimming activity/capability increase exponentially from around 10 mm SL (Clark et al, 2005;Peck et al, 2006;Leis et al, 2007), which is associated with a shift from muscle hyperplasia to muscle hypertrophy (Vo et al, 2016). The "adult type" mosaic hyperplasia occurs from around 20 mm SL (Vo et al, 2016).…”

“…Their swimming activity/capability increase exponentially from around 10 mm SL (Clark et al, 2005;Peck et al, 2006;Leis et al, 2007), which is associated with a shift from muscle hyperplasia to muscle hypertrophy (Vo et al, 2016). The "adult type" mosaic hyperplasia occurs from around 20 mm SL (Vo et al, 2016).…”

Effects of Tenebrio molitor larvae meal inclusion in rainbow trout feed: myogenesis-related gene expression and histomorphological features

“…The complex mechanism of myogenesis varies between families and strains and it is influenced by different environmental factors, including the diet (Johnston 1999). To date, the effects of nutrients on white muscle development have been studied mainly in fish larvae and juveniles (Bjornevik et al 2003;Ostaszewska et al 2008;Silva et al 2009;Alami-Durante et al 2014;Vo et al 2016;Canada et al 2018;Alami-Durante et al 2019). In particular, changes in dietary macronutrient source and composition have been reported to alter the mRNA level of myosin components in rainbow trout alevins and juveniles (Alami-Durante et al 2014), in Atlantic salmon (Hevrøy et al 2006), and Senegalese sole juveniles (Valente et al 2016).…”