Skeletal Muscle Microvascular Adaptations Following Regular Cold Water Immersion

Ihsan, Mohammed; Watson, Greig; Choo, Hui Cheng; Govus, Andrew; Cocking, Scott; Stanley, Jamie; Abbiss, Chris R.

doi:10.1055/a-1044-2397

Cited by 8 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Microvascular function was assessed by the vascular occlusion test coupled with a NIRS system ( McLay et al., 2016a ; Ihsan et al., 2020b ). This system (Oxymon-MK III, Artinis Medical Systems, Netherlands) provides concentration changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (ΔO 2 Hb), deoxygenated hemoglobin (ΔHHb) and total hemoglobin (ΔtHb = ΔO 2 Hb + ΔHHb).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of heat pre-conditioning on recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage

Sabapathy¹,

Tan

Jaafar³

et al. 2021

Current Research in Physiology

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This study investigated the influence of heat pre-conditioning on the recovery of muscle torque, microvascular function, movement economy and stride mechanics following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Twenty male participants were equally assigned to a control (CON) and an experimental group (HEAT), and performed a 30-min downhill run (DHR) to elicit EIMD. HEAT group received three consecutive days of heat exposure (45.1 ± 3.2 min of hot water immersion at 42 °C) prior to DHR. Microvascular function (near-infrared spectroscopy), maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque of the knee extensors, as well as two treadmill-based steady-state runs performed below (SSR-1) and above (SSR-2) the first ventilatory threshold were assessed prior to DHR and repeated for four consecutive days post-DHR (D1-POST to D4-POST). The decline in MVC torque following EIMD was attenuated in HEAT compared with CON at D1-POST (p = 0.037), D3-POST (p = 0.002) and D4-POST (p = 0.022). Muscle soreness increased in both CON and HEAT, but was significantly attenuated in HEAT compared with CON at D2-POST (p = 0.024) and D3-POST (p = 0.013). Microvascular function decreased in CON from D1-POST to D3-POST (p = 0.009 to 0.018), and was lower compared with HEAT throughout D1-POST to D3-POST (p = 0.003 to 0.017). Pre-heat treatment decreased the magnitude of strength loss and muscle soreness, as well as attenuated the decline in microvascular function following EIMD. Heat treatment appears a promising pre-conditioning strategy when embarking on intensified training periods or competition.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of heat pre-conditioning on recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage

Sabapathy¹,

Tan

Jaafar³

et al. 2021

Current Research in Physiology

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“…However, an increase in PGC-1α protein content was not consistently observed in these studies (Ihsan et al, 2015;Aguiar et al, 2016) with only Ihsan et al (2015) reporting an CWI-mediated increase following training. Regardless, complimenting the aforementioned studies showing an increase in VEGF mRNA (Ihsan et al, 2014b;Joo et al, 2016), regular CWI (10-15 min @ 10 • C) incorporated during exercise training lasting 4-12 weeks has been shown to enhance skeletal muscle microvascular function (Ihsan et al, 2020b) and increase skeletal muscle capillarity (D'Souza et al, 2018). Conversely, Broatch et al (2017) found no effect of CWI (15 min @ 10 • C) on molecular markers indicative of mitochondrial development (i.e., mRNA responses, phosphorylation status, and protein abundance) following a single sprint interval training session or following 6 weeks of sprint interval training.…”

Section: Endurance Exercise Adaptation To Post-exercise Cwi: Discrepancy Between Molecular Signaling and Exercise Performancementioning

confidence: 82%

“…Whilst CWI was not conceived as a strategy specifically meant to supplement exercise adaptations, there was substantial interest in examining how recovery-based CWI might influence skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance exercise (Ihsan et al, 2014b(Ihsan et al, , 2015(Ihsan et al, , 2020bAguiar et al, 2016;Joo et al, 2016;Allan et al, , 2019Allan et al, , 2020Broatch et al, 2017). This line of enquiry is likely motivated by work in cell cultures and rodents demonstrating robust increases in mitochondrial markers following exercise and cold exposure with common mechanisms involving PGC-1α.…”

Section: Endurance Exercise Adaptation To Post-exercise Cwi: Discrepancy Between Molecular Signaling and Exercise Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…While these findings refute suggestions that CWI might counteract endurance adaptations, it nevertheless questions whether post-exercise CWI is an effective strategy to promote muscle adaptations resulting in improved exercise performance. Indeed, changes in acute signaling response (Ihsan et al, 2014b;Joo et al, 2016;Broatch et al, 2017), training-induced protein accretion (Ihsan et al, 2015;Aguiar et al, 2016), and vascular adaptations (D'Souza et al, 2018;Ihsan et al, 2020b) do not seem to translate into improved exercise performance following regular CWI. Some have reasoned that endurance performances are largely governed by central factors (e.g., cardiovascular, hematological adaptations), and changes in muscle aerobic function following CWI may only marginally contribute (Malta et al, 2021).…”

Section: Endurance Exercise Adaptation To Post-exercise Cwi: Discrepancy Between Molecular Signaling and Exercise Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Yet, the first study to address this extends considerably back to 2006 (Yamane et al, 2006). Following a hiatus, a series of studies examining the influence of CWI on adaptation to endurance exercise emerged from independent laboratories (Ihsan et al, 2014b(Ihsan et al, , 2015(Ihsan et al, , 2020bAguiar et al, 2016;Joo et al, 2016;Allan et al, , 2019Allan et al, , 2020Broatch et al, 2017), which was followed up by others examining the influence of CWI on resistance training adaptations (Frohlich et al, 2014;Roberts et al, 2015;Figueiredo et al, 2016;D'Souza et al, 2018;Fyfe et al, 2019;Fuchs et al, 2020;Peake et al, 2020;Poppendieck et al, 2020). A recent metaanalytical review showed that CWI effects on exercise adaptations are mode-dependant, where resistance training adaptations were diminished, whilst aerobic exercise performance seemed unaffected (Malta et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Adaptations to Post-exercise Cold Water Immersion: Friend, Foe, or Futile?

Ihsan

Abbiss

Allan

2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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In the last decade, cold water immersion (CWI) has emerged as one of the most popular post-exercise recovery strategies utilized amongst athletes during training and competition. Following earlier research on the effects of CWI on the recovery of exercise performance and associated mechanisms, the recent focus has been on how CWI might influence adaptations to exercise. This line of enquiry stems from classical work demonstrating improved endurance and mitochondrial development in rodents exposed to repeated cold exposures. Moreover, there was strong rationale that CWI might enhance adaptations to exercise, given the discovery, and central role of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in both cold- and exercise-induced oxidative adaptations. Research on adaptations to post-exercise CWI have generally indicated a mode-dependant effect, where resistance training adaptations were diminished, whilst aerobic exercise performance seems unaffected but demonstrates premise for enhancement. However, the general suitability of CWI as a recovery modality has been the focus of considerable debate, primarily given the dampening effect on hypertrophy gains. In this mini-review, we highlight the key mechanisms surrounding CWI and endurance exercise adaptations, reiterating the potential for CWI to enhance endurance performance, with support from classical and contemporary works. This review also discusses the implications and insights (with regards to endurance and strength adaptations) gathered from recent studies examining the longer-term effects of CWI on training performance and recovery. Lastly, a periodized approach to recovery is proposed, where the use of CWI may be incorporated during competition or intensified training, whilst strategically avoiding periods following training focused on improving muscle strength or hypertrophy.

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Skeletal muscle oxidative adaptations following localized heat therapy

2023

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Repeated heat treatment has been shown to induce oxidative adaptations in cell cultures and rodents, but similar work within human models is scarce. This study investigated the effects of 6 weeks of localized heat therapy on near-infrared spectroscopy-(NIRS) derived indices of muscle oxidative and microvascular function. Twelve physically active participants (8 males and 4 females, age: 34.9 ± 5.9 years, stature: 175 ± 7 cm, body mass: 76.7 ± 13.3 kg) undertook a 6-week intervention, where adhesive heat pads were applied for 8 h/day, 5 days/week, on one calf of each participant, while the contralateral leg acted as control. Prior to and following the intervention, the microvascular function was assessed using NIRS-based methods, where 5 min of popliteal artery occlusion was applied, and the reperfusion (i.e., re-saturation rate, re-saturation amplitude, and hyperemic response) was monitored for 2 min upon release. Participants also performed a 1-min isometric contraction of the plantar flexors (30% maximal voluntary contraction), following which a further 2 min interval was undertaken for the assessment of recovery kinetics. A 20-min time interval was allowed before the assessment protocol was repeated on the contralateral leg. Repeated localized heating of the gastrocnemius did not influence any of the NIRS-derive indices of microvascular or oxidative function (p > 0.05) following 6 weeks of treatment. Our findings indicate that localized heating via the use of adhesive heat pads may not be a potent stimulus for muscle adaptations in physically active humans.

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Skeletal Muscle Microvascular Adaptations Following Regular Cold Water Immersion

Cited by 8 publications

References 43 publications

Effect of heat pre-conditioning on recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage

Effect of heat pre-conditioning on recovery following exercise-induced muscle damage

Adaptations to Post-exercise Cold Water Immersion: Friend, Foe, or Futile?

Skeletal muscle oxidative adaptations following localized heat therapy

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