Skeletogenesis in the Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus and its correlation with gene expression of vitamin K‐dependent proteins during larval development

Abstract

The present study describes morphological development of the skeleton in the Persian sturgeon Acipenser persicus and discusses the hypothesis that expression of genes encoding vitamin K-dependent proteins (VKDP) might be correlated with the mineralization of skeletal tissues during early development in sturgeons. Results showed that development of cartilage started just after hatching (mean ± S.D., 10·9 ± 0·7 mm in total length, L ) in the head and notochord, whereas the first signs of mineralization occurred in the dentary and in the dermopalatine and palatopterygoid elements of the upper jaw, coinciding with the onset of exogenous feeding (20·1 ± 1·5 mm L ). All branchial arch elements developed between 19·3 and 22·3 mm L , whereas mineralization was only observed in tooth plates associated with the hypobranchial 1 and gill rakers at 20·8 ± 1·5 mm L and 48·4 ± 6·4 mm L , respectively. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that transcripts of VKDP genes including bone Gla protein (bgp), matrix Gla protein (mgp) and Gla rich protein (grp) genes were significantly up-regulated during the transition to exogenous feeding, supporting hypotheses about relevance of the above-mentioned genes in chondrogenesis at early developmental stages. The strong mineralization of skeletal elements from 21·5 to 27·3 mm L (20 days post hatch) was in accordance with the maximal levels of bgp, mgp and grp expression indicating a correlation between development of the skeleton and the expression of VKDP genes. These data are important for evaluating A. persicus larval quality, understanding the influence of rearing biotic and abiotic factors on skeletogenesis and recognizing the occurrence of skeletal deformities in this species.

What is missing from the sturgeon jaw: Developmental morphology of the upper jaw in Acipenser

“…The interpretation of the sturgeon maxilla as a dermopalatine has been uncritically accepted by the majority of researchers and shortly spread across diverse fields of sturgeon and paddlefish research (Bemis et al, 1997; Carroll & Wainwright, 2003; Eagderi et al, 2015; Eshaghzadeh et al, 2017; Findeis, 1997; Gardiner et al, 2005; Grande & Hilton, 2006; Hilton et al, 2011, 2015, 2020, 2021; Hilton & Forey, 2009; Hilton & Schaefer, 2002; Jin, 1999; Lu et al, 2005; Pospisilova et al, 2021; Smith et al, 2015; Warth et al, 2017). The only attempt to challenge this view was that by Datovo and Rizzato (2018), but without affecting the prevailing terminology (e.g.…”