Skill-set, success outcome, and mania as determinants of the illusion of control

Stern, Gary S.; Berrenberg, Joy L.

doi:10.1016/0092-6566(79)90031-x

Cited by 52 publications

(42 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…Second, positive moods enhance recall of positive memories (Blaney, 1986;Weingartner, Miller, & Murphy, 1977). Third, a history of hypomania is associated with higher expectations for ongoing success after an initial success experience (Stern & Berrenberg, 1979). As attention deficits occur, and access to positive memories and expectations for success increase, one might expect increasing distractibility, self-esteem, and confidence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increases in manic symptoms after life events involving goal attainment.

Johnson¹,

Sandrow²,

Meyer³

et al. 2000

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

242

174

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Bipolar disorder has been conceptualized as an outcome of dysregulation in the behavioral activation system (BAS), a brain system that regulates goal-directed activity. On the basis of the BAS model, the authors hypothesized that life events involving goal attainment would promote manic symptoms in bipolar individuals. The authors followed 43 bipolar I individuals monthly with standardized symptom severity assessments (the Modified Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and the BechRafaelsen Mania Rating Scale). Life events were assessed using the Goal Attainment and Positivity scales of the Life Events and Difficulties Schedule. As hypothesized, manic symptoms increased in the 2 months following goal-attainment events, but depressed symptoms were not changed following goal-attainment events. These results are congruent with a series of recent polarity-specific findings.Bipolar disorder exacts a devastating toll from affected individuals. Most strikingly, this disorder leads to suicide in almost one out of every five diagnosed individuals (Isometsa, 1993). With adequate blood serum levels of lithium, one third of bipolar individuals relapse within 3 years (Keller et al., 1992), but in naturalistic studies with varied levels of patient compliance, two thirds of patients relapse within 2 years (Silverstone, McPherson, Hunt, & Romans, 1998). Given these high rates of relapse and the sustained unemployment rates following each episode of mania (Harrow, Goldberg, Grossman, & Meltzer, 1990), it is not surprising that bipolar disorder has been ranked as the sixth leading cause of disability among both physical and psychiatric disorders worldwide (Murray & Lopez, 1996). Fiscal costs for adult Americans with the disorder were estimated in 1991 at $45 billion (Wyatt & Henter, 1995).Although the modal course is severe, bipolar individuals experience substantial heterogeneity in symptom expression. For instance, as many as 25% of bipolar I individuals will never experience a depressive episode (Goodwin & Jamison, 1990). Further, whereas some individuals experience daily shifts between episode poles, others remain well for a decade or longer (Angst, 1984).For many years, biological models have dominated attempts to understand this heterogeneity. The importance of genetic influences for this disorder is supported by findings of a concordance rate of .84 for monozygotic twins compared with .35 for dizygotic twins among 110 twin pairs (Bertelsen, Harvald, & Hauge, 1977); similar findings have emerged across 12 twin studies (Vehmanen, Kaprio, & Loennqvist, 1995).Beyond the important role of genes, the psychosocial environment appears to be a trigger of episodes. For example, expressed emotion (Miklowitz et al., 1988), social support (Johnson, Winett, Meyer, Greenhouse, & Miller, 1999), and life events (Ellicott, 1989;Johnson & Miller, 1997) each have been shown to predict symptom changes in bipolar disorder. Recent models of bipolar course have incorporated biological and psychosocial variables (cf. Goodwin & Jamison, 199...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increases in manic symptoms after life events involving goal attainment.

Johnson¹,

Sandrow²,

Meyer³

et al. 2000

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

242

174

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Several studies suggest that vulnerability to mania is associated with unrealistically high confidence after an initial success Johnson, Ruggero, & Carver, in press;Stern & Berrenberg, 1979). Increases in confidence are tied to setting higher goals on tasks.…”

Section: Conceptual Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Life events in bipolar disorder: Towards more specific models

Johnson

2005

Clinical Psychology Review

182

167

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This article reviews the evidence concerning life events as a predictor of symptoms within bipolar disorder. First, key methodological issues in this area are described, and criteria used for including studies in this review are defined. Then findings that negative life events predict worse outcomes within bipolar disorder are reviewed. Beyond general studies on relapse, it is important to differentiate predictors of depression from predictors of mania. When severe negative life events occur, they appear to trigger increases in bipolar depression. Nonetheless, many depressions are unrelated to negative life events and appear to be triggered by other variables. The strongest evidence suggests that negative life events do not trigger mania, except perhaps in certain contexts. Retrospective findings for schedule-disrupting life events as a trigger for manic symptoms await further assessment within a longitudinal study. Life events involving goal attainment do appear to trigger manic symptoms. Overall, it is time to differentiate among specific types of life events, as these different forms of events point towards mechanisms linking stressors with symptom expression. These mechanisms provide clues into ways to integrate the social environment with biological vulnerability (see Bipolar disorder is clearly a biological disorder. Nonetheless, over the past 15 years, a wealth of research has made it abundantly clear that psychosocial variables shape outcomes of this disorder. Much of this psychosocial research has focused on whether life events predict the timing and severity of symptoms within this disorder. This paper reviews the evidence that life events are related to symptom expression within bipolar disorder. This basic question has challenged researchers for over 20 years. Given the growing literature, this paper focus on addressing two more specific questions. Which types of symptoms are related to life events? What types of life events influence symptoms? Given the growing number of studies available on these issues, this review will focus on those studies with the most rigorous methodologies. To set the stage for this endeavor, it is important to first review the major methodological issues in research on life events and bipolar disorder, including issues related to design, measurement, and sampling.

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“…Thus individuals at risk for mania become activated in the face of possible challenging and rewarding internal stimuli (such as thoughts) and external stimuli (Depue & Iacono, 1989;Meyer & Hofmann, 2005). Several studies have found that risk for mania relates to increases in confidence after positive outcomes (Johnson, Ruggero, & Carver, 2005;Stern & Berrenberg, 1979). A history of mania also appears to be associated with high aspirations for financial and popular success .…”

Section: Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

Cognitive responses to failure and success relate uniquely to bipolar depression versus mania.

Eisner¹,

Johnson²,

Carver³

2008

Journal of Abnormal Psychology

103

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This project examined cognitive responses to failure and success and their association with depression and mania within bipolar disorder. Many cognitive variables that are associated with unipolar depression have been found to be involved in bipolar disorder, more specifically bipolar depression. This research was the first to examine tendencies to hold high standards, engage in selfcriticism, and generalize from failure to an overall sense of self-worth. In Study 1, undergraduates were screened for risk of mood disorders and completed structured diagnostic interviews. History of bipolar spectrum disorders and history of depression had separate associations with negative generalization. The association of generalization with bipolar spectrum disorders was accounted for by current depressive symptoms. For Study 2, the authors developed a measure of the tendency to engage in positive generalization following success experiences. In a sample of 276 undergraduates, this measure related uniquely to risk for mania. Results of these 2 studies suggest that responses to failure are associated with a history of depression, whereas responses to success are associated with a risk for mania. Implications for future research and clinical work are discussed.Keywords bipolar disorder; mania; cognition; success; failure Bipolar disorder is one of the most severe of psychiatric disorders. Although it is well established that mood-stabilizing medications are helpful, rates of relapse (Judd et al., 2002) and suicide (Angst, Stassen, Clayton, & Angst, 2002;Mitchell, Slade, & Andrews, 2004) remain quite high even with best available medications (Keller et al., 1992). Given this, substantial effort has been directed toward developing psychosocial treatments that can be offered as adjuncts to medication treatment (Johnson & Leahy, 2003).At least three books have been published detailing cognitive therapy as intervention to supplement medications for bipolar disorder (Basco & Rush, 1996, 2005Lam, Jones, Bright, & Hayward, 1999;Newman, Leahy, Beck, & Reilly-Harrington, 2002). The results of cognitive therapy outcome trials in bipolar disorder have been mixed (Lam, Hayward, Watkins, Wright, & Sham, 2005;Scott et al., 2006), perhaps in part due to differences across samples. Regardless, as cognitive therapy becomes increasingly popular, it becomes important to document aspects of cognition that are disturbed among people with bipolar disorder. A better understanding of the cognitive variables involved in this disorder should help refine treatment approaches. Copyright 2008 by the American Psychological AssociationCorrespondence concerning this article should be addressed to Lori R. Eisner, Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL 33124-0751. E-mail: leisner@psy.miami.edu. NIH Public AccessAuthor Manuscript J Abnorm Psychol. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2010 January 29. NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptMuch of the literature on cognition in bipolar disorder focus...

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Skill-set, success outcome, and mania as determinants of the illusion of control

Cited by 52 publications

References 16 publications

Increases in manic symptoms after life events involving goal attainment.

Increases in manic symptoms after life events involving goal attainment.

Life events in bipolar disorder: Towards more specific models

Cognitive responses to failure and success relate uniquely to bipolar depression versus mania.

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