Skin absorption as a source of error in biological monitoring.

Aitio, Antero; Pekari, Kaija; Järvisalo, Jorma

doi:10.5271/sjweh.2323

Cited by 17 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Traditionally, industrial hygienists have paid attention to inhalation hazards, because it was thought to be the major exposure route; however, Lees et al (1987) reported that the dermal route was the major contributor to total body burden of polychlorinated biphenyls in some occupational settings. Aitio et al (1984) reported skin absorption was also an exposure source in biological monitoring. Daniell et al (1992) indicated that hand contact with liquid xylene for 15 min resulted in the absorbed dose exceeding that obtained from inhalation over a full 8-h shift in motor repair shop workers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Evaluation of dermal absorption and protective effectiveness of respirators for xylene in spray painters

Chang¹,

Chen

Cheng³

et al. 2007

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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The present study showed that inhalation of solvent vapors in workers decreased as a result of wearing respirators and dermal exposure became the main contributor to the total body burden of solvents. Because workers had different attitude and behavior to wear respirators, the measured workplace protection factors varied. It is therefore equally important to prevent from being exposed to solvents through skin for shipyard spray painters.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Evaluation of dermal absorption and protective effectiveness of respirators for xylene in spray painters

Chang¹,

Chen

Cheng³

et al. 2007

Int Arch Occup Environ Health

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“…Specific strategies for the sampling of biological fluids may be necessary. Furthermore, the position of blood sampling relative to the skin exposure may be critical for the outcome, 4 and possible skin metabolism is not generally taken into consideration. 5 No quantitative limit values exist that may protect against adverse eVects from uptake through dermal exposure.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Proposal for the assessment of quantitative dermal exposure limits in occupational environments: Part 1. Development of a concept to derive a quantitative dermal occupational exposure limit.

et al. 1998

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Dermal uptake of chemicals at the workplace may contribute considerably to the total internal exposure and so needs to be regulated. At present only qualitative warning signs-the "skin notations"-are available as instruments. An attempt was made to develop a quantitative dermal occupational exposure limit (DOEL) complementary to respiratory occupational exposure limits (OELs). The DOEL refers to the total dose deposited on the skin during a working shift. Based on available data and experience a theoretical procedure for the assessment of a DOEL was developed. A DOEL was derived for cyclophosphamide and 4,4-methylene dianiline (MDA) according to this procedure. The DOEL for MDA was tested for applicability in an actual occupational exposure scenario. An integrated approach is recommended for situations in which both dermal and respiratory exposures contribute considerably to the internal exposure of the worker. The starting point should be an internal health based occupational exposure limit-that is, the maximum dose to be absorbed without leading to adverse systemic effects. The proposed assessment of an external DOEL is then either based on absorption rate or absorption percentage. The estimation of skin penetration seems to be of crucial importance in this concept. If for a specific substance a maximal absorption rate can be estimated a maximal skin surface area to be exposed can be assessed which may then serve the purpose of a DOEL. As long as the actual skin surface exposed is smaller than this maximal skin surface area the internal OEL will not be exceeded, and therefore, no systemic health problems would be expected, independent of the dermal dose/ unit area. If not, the DOEL may be interpreted as the product of dermal dose/ unit area (mg/cm 2 ) and exposed skin surface area (cm 2 ). The proposed concept for a DOEL is relevant and can be made applicable for health surveillance in the occupational situation where dermal exposure contributes notably to the systemic exposure. Further research should show whether this concept is more generally applicable. (Occup Environ Med 1998;55:795-804)

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“…Previous studies reported that painters used to wash their contaminated skin with solvents, and skin absorption is a source of error in biological monitoring. [15][16][17] In our study, the workers did not wash their skin with solvents. The source of the dermal contact was the deposition of paint aerosol on the skin and the uptake of solvent vapor.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Dermal Absorption of Solvents as a Major Source of Exposure Among Shipyard Spray Painters

Chang¹,

Chen²,

Cheng³

et al. 2007

Journal of Occupational &Amp; Environmental Medicine

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Skin absorption as a source of error in biological monitoring.

Cited by 17 publications

References 6 publications

Evaluation of dermal absorption and protective effectiveness of respirators for xylene in spray painters

Evaluation of dermal absorption and protective effectiveness of respirators for xylene in spray painters

Proposal for the assessment of quantitative dermal exposure limits in occupational environments: Part 1. Development of a concept to derive a quantitative dermal occupational exposure limit.

Dermal Absorption of Solvents as a Major Source of Exposure Among Shipyard Spray Painters

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