Skin and arthropods: an effective interaction used by pathogens in vector-borne diseases

Bernard, Quentin; Jaulhac, B.; Boulanger, Nathalie

doi:10.1684/ejd.2015.2550

Cited by 16 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…In addition to serving as the host's primary line of defense from the outside environment (Nestle et al, 2009), skin is also the interface for tick-virus-host interactions (Nuttall and Labuda, 2004; Wikel, 2013). Thus, cutaneous immune cells play a crucial role in the initial response of the host to tick feeding and invading pathogenic microorganisms, including viruses (Labuda et al, 1996; Frischknecht, 2007; Wikel, 2013, 2014; Hermance and Thangamani, 2014; Bernard et al, 2015; Hermance et al, 2016). Penetration through the skin brings tick mouthparts into contact with keratinocytes, which possess receptors of innate immune responses, antimicrobial peptides, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (Merad et al, 2008; Martinon et al, 2009; Nestle et al, 2009).…”

Section: Immunomodulation Of Host Immune Cells At the Tick Attachmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick-Borne Viruses and Biological Processes at the Tick-Host-Virus Interface

Kazimírová

Thangamani

Bartíková

et al. 2017

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

105

103

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Ticks are efficient vectors of arboviruses, although less than 10% of tick species are known to be virus vectors. Most tick-borne viruses (TBV) are RNA viruses some of which cause serious diseases in humans and animals world-wide. Several TBV impacting human or domesticated animal health have been found to emerge or re-emerge recently. In order to survive in nature, TBV must infect and replicate in both vertebrate and tick cells, representing very different physiological environments. Information on molecular mechanisms that allow TBV to switch between infecting and replicating in tick and vertebrate cells is scarce. In general, ticks succeed in completing their blood meal thanks to a plethora of biologically active molecules in their saliva that counteract and modulate different arms of the host defense responses (haemostasis, inflammation, innate and acquired immunity, and wound healing). The transmission of TBV occurs primarily during tick feeding and is a complex process, known to be promoted by tick saliva constituents. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of TBV transmission are poorly understood. Immunomodulatory properties of tick saliva helping overcome the first line of defense to injury and early interactions at the tick-host skin interface appear to be essential in successful TBV transmission and infection of susceptible vertebrate hosts. The local host skin site of tick attachment, modulated by tick saliva, is an important focus of virus replication. Immunomodulation of the tick attachment site also promotes co-feeding transmission of viruses from infected to non-infected ticks in the absence of host viraemia (non-viraemic transmission). Future research should be aimed at identification of the key tick salivary molecules promoting virus transmission, and a molecular description of tick-host-virus interactions and of tick-mediated skin immunomodulation. Such insights will enable the rationale design of anti-tick vaccines that protect against disease caused by tick-borne viruses.

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Section: Immunomodulation Of Host Immune Cells At the Tick Attachmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tick-Borne Viruses and Biological Processes at the Tick-Host-Virus Interface

Kazimírová

Thangamani

Bartíková

et al. 2017

Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol.

105

103

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“…Medically-significant tick-borne diseases include Lyme disease [ 8 , 9 ], babesiosis [ 10 , 11 ], granulocytic ehrlichiosis [ 12 , 13 , 14 ] and encephalitis [ 15 ]. The severe disease Crimean—Congo hemorrhagic fever, for which outbreaks have been documented throughout much of Africa, Asia and Europe, has an approximately 30% fatality rate [ 12 , 13 , 16 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Immunosuppressant Peptide from the Hard Tick Amblyomma variegatum

Tian

Chen

et al. 2016

Toxins

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Ixodid ticks are well known for spreading transmitted tick-borne pathogens while being attached to their hosts for almost 1–2 weeks to obtain blood meals. Thus, they must secrete many immunosuppressant factors to combat the hosts’ immune system. In the present work, we investigated an immunosuppressant peptide of the hard tick Amblyomma variegatum. This peptide, named amregulin, is composed of 40 residues with an amino acid sequence of HLHMHGNGATQVFKPRLVLKCPNAAQLIQPGKLQRQLLLQ. A cDNA of the precursor peptide was obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI, Bethesda, MD, USA). In rat splenocytes, amregulin exerts significant anti-inflammatory effects by inhibiting the secretion of inflammatory factors in vitro, such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and interferon-gamma (IFN-γ). In rat splenocytes, treated with amregulin, compared to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) alone, the inhibition of the above inflammatory factors was significant at all tested concentrations (2, 4 and 8 µg/mL). Amregulin shows strong free radical scavenging and antioxidant activities (5, 10 and 20 µg/mL) in vitro. Amregulin also significantly inhibits adjuvant-induced paw inflammation in mouse models in vivo. This peptide may facilitate the ticks’ successful blood feeding and may lead to host immunotolerance of the tick. These findings have important implications for the understanding of tick-host interactions and the co-evolution between ticks and the viruses that they bear.

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“…The skin is one of the first defense organ that pathogens have to cross to infect the host in the context of arthropod-borne diseases [5, 34]. Some bacteria, parasites and viruses have evolved to use vectors, such as ticks and mosquitoes, to bypass this physical barrier.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Interaction of primary mast cells with Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu stricto): role in transmission and dissemination in C57BL/6 mice

et al. 2017

Self Cite

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Background Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato), the causative agent of Lyme borreliosis is a bacterium transmitted by hard ticks, Ixodes spp. Bacteria are injected into the host skin during the tick blood meal with tick saliva. There, Borrelia and saliva interact together with skin cells such as keratinocytes, fibroblasts, mast cells and other specific immune cells before disseminating to target organs.MethodsTo study the role of mast cells in the transmission of Lyme borreliosis, we isolated mouse primary mast cells from bone marrow and incubated them in the presence of Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu stricto) and tick salivary gland extract. We further analyzed their potential role in vivo, in a mouse model of deficient in mast cells (Kit wsh−/− mice).ResultsTo our knowledge, we report here for the first time the bacteria ability to induce the inflammatory response of mouse primary mast cells. We show that OspC, a major surface lipoprotein involved in the early transmission of Borrelia, induces the degranulation of primary mast cells but has a limited effect on the overall inflammatory response of these cells. In contrast, whole bacteria have an opposite effect. We also show that mast cell activation is significantly inhibited by tick salivary gland extract. Finally, we demonstrate that mast cells are likely not the only host cells involved in the early transmission and dissemination of Borrelia since the use of mast cell deficient Kit wsh−/− mice shows a limited impact on these two processes in the context of this mouse genetic background.ConclusionsThe absence of mast cells did not change the replication rate of Borrelia in the skin. However, in the absence of mast cells, Borrelia dissemination to the joints was faster. Mast cells do not control skin bacterial proliferation during primary infection and the establishment of the primary infection, as shown in the C57BL/6 mouse model studied. Nevertheless, the Borrelia induced cytotokine modulation on mast cells might be involved in long term and/or repeated infections and protect from Lyme borreliosis due to the development of a hypersensitivity to tick saliva.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2243-0) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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Skin and arthropods: an effective interaction used by pathogens in vector-borne diseases

Cited by 16 publications

References 40 publications

Tick-Borne Viruses and Biological Processes at the Tick-Host-Virus Interface

Tick-Borne Viruses and Biological Processes at the Tick-Host-Virus Interface

An Immunosuppressant Peptide from the Hard Tick Amblyomma variegatum

Interaction of primary mast cells with Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu stricto): role in transmission and dissemination in C57BL/6 mice

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