Skin Carotenoid Status Over Time and Differences by Age and Sex Among Head Start Children (3–5 Years)

Burkholder, Sarah; Pitts, Stephanie Jilcott; Wu, Qiang; Bayles, Jocelyn; Baybutt, Richard; Stage, Virginia C.

doi:10.1016/j.jneb.2020.10.019

Cited by 12 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Multivariate regression modeling revealed significant associations between age, state of residence, and fat intake with skin carotenoids. Age was inversely associated with skin carotenoids, in contrast to one prior study that suggested a direct relationship between age and skin carotenoids in a sample with a narrow range of ages (3-5 years old) [22]. Previous research identified inverse associations between age and carotenoid concentrations in adults, but these associations are not well understood [20].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

“…Many factors contribute to skin carotenoid concentrations among adults, including diet, adiposity, genetics, smoking, oxidative stress, sun exposure, general health, and possibly skin pigmentation [10,19,20]. Less is known about which factors contribute to skin carotenoid measurements in children [13,17,21,22], but limited evidence suggests that age, sex, race, and adiposity are relevant. Age, race, cholesterol levels, energy and fat intake, and body mass index (BMI) are commonly included in models examining the association between FV intake and skin carotenoids [14,16,17,21,23].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Fruit and Vegetable Intake Assessed by Repeat 24 h Recalls, but Not by A Dietary Screener, Is Associated with Skin Carotenoid Measurements in Children

et al. 2021

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Accurate measurement of fruit and vegetable (FV) intake is important for nutrition surveillance and evaluation of dietary interventions. We compared two tools for reporting FV intake to objective measurement of skin carotenoids among children. FV cups/day was assessed by repeated 24 h dietary recalls (24H FV) and the National Cancer Institute’s All-Day Fruit and Vegetable Screener (NCI FV). Skin carotenoids were measured by repeated resonance Raman spectroscopy (RRS) of the palm. FV cups were regressed on RRS scores in unadjusted, field-based, and research-setting models with covariates feasible in each scenario. Data were baseline values from children aged 2–12 years in low-income households enrolled in a healthy eating randomized trial in four U.S. states (n = 177). Twenty-four-hour FV cups were associated with skin carotenoids in all models (p < 0.001) but NCI FV cups were not. Predicted RRS scores for discrete 24H FV cups provide a guide to interpretation of RRS in children (2 cups FV intake ~36,000 RRS units), with the research-setting scenario generally providing the narrowest prediction range (+/−1924). When self-reported data are required, 24 h recalls are more accurate than NCI FV screener data; and, when limited time, resources, or literacy must be considered, RRS scores can be quickly obtained and easily interpreted.

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 61%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fruit and Vegetable Intake Assessed by Repeat 24 h Recalls, but Not by A Dietary Screener, Is Associated with Skin Carotenoid Measurements in Children

et al. 2021

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“…The 11 articles described nine unique research projects. Three out of the 11 articles were intervention studies—two were studies with a control group [ 56 , 57 ], one was an intervention study without a control group [ 58 ], and the remaining eight were cross-sectional studies [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 ]. The following sections discuss specific characteristics of each article ( Table 1 ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The research objectives for the eight cross-sectional studies varied and included identifying group (for age, ethnicity, biological sex, weight status) differences in children’s SCS [ 51 , 60 , 61 ]; refining procedures for collecting SCS data with RS in school settings [ 58 ]; and exploring associations between SCS and breastfeeding [ 50 ], diet [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 , 59 , 61 ], perceived stress [ 59 ], nutritional knowledge intervention [ 58 ], and seasonal variation [ 60 ]. The intervention studies (n = 3) provided nutrition education either to the parents of young children [ 57 ] or to the children [ 58 , 60 ], aiming to improve children’s FVC [ 56 , 57 , 58 ].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Systematic Review of Reflection Spectroscopy-Based Skin Carotenoid Assessment in Children

et al. 2023

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Assessing children’s skin carotenoid score (SCS) using reflection spectroscopy (RS) is a non-invasive, widely used method to approximate fruit and vegetable consumption (FVC). The aims for the current review were to (1) identify distributions of SCS across demographic groups, (2) identify potential non-dietary correlates for RS-based SCS, (3) summarize the validity and reliability of RS-based SCS assessment, and (4) conduct meta-analyses of studies examining the correlation between RS-based SCS with FVC. A literature search in eight databases in June 2021 resulted in 4880 citations and peer-reviewed publications written in English that investigated children’s (2–10 years old) SCS using RS. We included 11 studies (intervention = 3, observational = 8). Potential covariates included weight status, ethnicity, seasonal variation, age, sex, and income. Studies reported criterion validity with children’s FVC but not with plasma carotenoid. Additionally, no studies reported the reliability of RS-based SCS in children. Among the 726 children included in the meta-analysis, the correlation between RS-based SCS and FVC was r = 0.2 (p < 0.0001). RS-based SCS is a valid method to quantify skin carotenoids for children’s FVC estimation with the potential for evaluating nutrition policies and interventions. However, future research should use standardized protocol for using RS and establish how RS-based SCS can translate to the amount of daily FVC in children.

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“…Effective methods for measuring F/V consumption, such as the rapid and noninvasive carotenoid detection method using the Veggie Meter ® , have the capacity to assess public health and nutrition education interventions; assist physicians, registered dietitians, and other health professionals with monitoring the health status of patients; and assist in research as an objective biomarker for F/V intake ( 10 , 20 , 21 , 24 , 35 , 36 ). The Veggie Meter ® has been used to measure skin carotenoids in ethnically diverse toddlers, children, and adult populations in both clinical and nonclinical settings ( 12 , 15 , 19 – 24 , 37 , 38 ). Future research efforts should focus on conducting a systematic review of the studies using the Veggie Meter ® to determine if the differences in published methods for skin carotenoid data acquisition affect the reported outcomes ( Table 4 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recommendations for the Use of the Veggie Meter® for Spectroscopy-Based Skin Carotenoid Measurements in the Research Setting

Radtke

Poe

Stookey

et al. 2021

Current Developments in Nutrition

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Carotenoids are a class of phytochemical compounds found in a variety of fruits and vegetables (F/V) and therefore, are commonly used as a biomarker for F/V intake. The Veggie Meter® is a non-invasive research-grade instrument that detects and quantifies carotenoids in the skin. To determine current practices and examine variability among users, a survey was administered to researchers using the device (n = 19, response rate = 35.8%) and variation in anatomical site preparation, calibration, number of measurements, measurement site, and documentation was observed. A protocol was developed in partnership with Veggie Meter® users to outline the preparation, calibration, and data collection procedures for using this device for research purposes. While many protocol conditions will benefit from additional validation, this standardized protocol supports the development of a universal data repository to establish usual observed ranges, with the ultimate goal of examining associations between skin carotenoid scores and diet-related health outcomes.

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Skin Carotenoid Status Over Time and Differences by Age and Sex Among Head Start Children (3–5 Years)

Cited by 12 publications

References 29 publications

Fruit and Vegetable Intake Assessed by Repeat 24 h Recalls, but Not by A Dietary Screener, Is Associated with Skin Carotenoid Measurements in Children

Fruit and Vegetable Intake Assessed by Repeat 24 h Recalls, but Not by A Dietary Screener, Is Associated with Skin Carotenoid Measurements in Children

Systematic Review of Reflection Spectroscopy-Based Skin Carotenoid Assessment in Children

Recommendations for the Use of the Veggie Meter® for Spectroscopy-Based Skin Carotenoid Measurements in the Research Setting

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