Skin irritation caused by transdermal drug delivery systems during long-term (5 days) application

Abstract

We have studied the skin irritation produced by the prolonged application of transdermal therapeutic systems. The systems were applied to the skin of the back of male volunteers for 120 hours, and sweat accumulation and bacterial growth were studied. In some cases hydrogel discs were attached to the systems. The results showed that sweat accumulation contributed more to the skin irritation than the bacterial overgrowth. The incorporation of hydrogels in the transdermal delivery system may help to reduce skin irritation by absorbing water.

Effect of semipermeable membranes on skin barrier repair following tape stripping

“…Rawlings et al have reported decreased levels of NMF in the SC of aged skin and attribute the decrease to ultraviolet damage [18]. In contrast, prolonged exposure to sufficiently high levels of water results in various forms of inflammation, irritation, dermatoses, and urticaria [21][22][23][24][25]. Warner et al have reported disruption of the SC following prolonged exposure to water [26].…”

Occlusion vs. skin barrier function

“…Advancements in design and construction of protective garments and wound dressings may reduce the level of skin hydration and dermatitis. Application of optimal hydrocolloid patches that absorb water in both liquid and vapor form can also decrease irritation (63)(64)(65). A natural, pure, and non-woven dressing has been made from calcium alginate fibres (66).…”

Promotion of the transdermal delivery of protein drugs by <em>N</em>-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles combined with polypropylene electret

“…These approaches include chemical enhancers, 4,5 iontophoresis, 6,7 electroporation, 8 microneedles, 9,10 sonophoresis 11,12 and laser ablation. 13 Although significant progress has been made in the transdermal delivery of drugs, there still exist many disadvantages such as skin irritation, 14 high production costs 15 and inconvenience. 13 Thus, it is urgent to develop a low-toxic, low-cost, convenient and efficient transdermal delivery system.…”