Skin‐lightening practices behind the veil: An epidemiological study among Saudi women

Alrayyes, Sarah Fahad; Alrayyes, Saad F.; Dar, Umar Farooq

doi:10.1111/jocd.12972

Cited by 13 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…In addition, the proportion of SLP users among bachelor graduates was significantly higher than among nonusers in relation to educational level (69.2% vs. 54.0%, p = 0.009). Consistent with the present results, previous studies have shown a significant difference in education level; out of a total of 375 collegeeducated participants, 65.7% were skin whitening users, comparable to a total of 230 students using 34.3% skin whitening users [6].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

A Cross-Sectional Study of the Knowledge, Practice, and Attitude Towards Skin-Lightening Products Among the General Population in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia

Bamerdah¹,

Alhothali²,

Aldajani³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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IntroductionSkin bleaching is a growing phenomenon worldwide and is becoming an increasing problem. Several skinlightening products (SLPs) containing mercury, hydroquinone, and corticosteroids have impacted serious dermatological, nephrological, and neurological side effects. There is relatively little regulation, and the products are easily accessible and inexpensive. Justifications and beliefs for the use of these products vary from culture to culture, and there is little previous research on the use and abuse of skin-lightening cosmetics among Saudi women. This study examines the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of the public in the western region of Saudi Arabia regarding SLPs to understand the situation better. MethodologyAn observational, cross-sectional, questionnaire-based study was conducted over two months between July and August 2022. A 29-question survey was used to collect data from the general population. The study included all women residing in the western region of Saudi Arabia. Non-Arabic speakers were excluded. RStudio (R version 4.1.1) was used to analyze the data. ResultsA total of 409 participants were included in this study; In general, 146 (35.7%) of the participants said they had ever used an SLP. More than two-thirds (67.1%) had been using them for less than a year. In terms of the most common site of SLPs application, women reported applying the products to the skin of their face (74.7%), elbows (47.3%), and knees (46.6%). Use of SLPs differed significantly across participants' ages, with the proportion of SLP users in the 20-30 age category significantly higher than non-users (50.7% vs. 36.9%, p=0.017), and non-users were more common than users within the age category >50 years. In addition, the proportion of SLP users relative to educational level was significantly higher among participants with a bachelor's degree than the proportion of non-users (69.2% vs. 54.0%, p = 0.009). ConclusionsThe results of this research show that Saudi women frequently utilize topical lightening products. Therefore, regulation and controlling the use of bleaching products is essential, as is educating women about the risks involved with this practice. The misuse of bleaching products should decline with greater awareness.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

A Cross-Sectional Study of the Knowledge, Practice, and Attitude Towards Skin-Lightening Products Among the General Population in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia

Bamerdah¹,

Alhothali²,

Aldajani³

et al. 2023

Cureus

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“…Using skin-lightening products has become highly prevalent among the general population worldwide [4]. In Saudi Arabia, it has shown a prevalence of 56.2% [5].Among many skin lightening techniques, Kligman's formula is one of the first chosen options, reflecting widespread usage.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In Saudi Arabia, it has shown a prevalence of 56.2% [5].Among many skin lightening techniques, Kligman's formula is one of the first chosen options, reflecting widespread usage. Other indications of Kligman's formula include dyspigmentation, getting rid of scars, and skin peeling/exfoliation [4,5]. Kligman's formula has been associated with many adverse events (AEs).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Attitude Toward Using the Triple Combination Bleaching Formula and Related Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Aldhafiri¹,

Almutairi²,

Alutaibi³

et al. 2021

Cureus

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IntroductionKligman's formula is a topical triple combination consisting of hydroquinone, tretinoin, and topical corticosteroid. It has recently become widely popular among the general population for different purposes. Its improper use can lead to unsatisfactory results and unpleasant side effects. AimThis study aimed to assess the attitude, satisfaction, and complications related to topical usage of Kligman's formula among the general population in Saudi Arabia. Materials and methodsA cross-sectional study was conducted among the general population of Saudi Arabia. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed among the targeted population using an online survey. The questionnaire includes socio-demographic characteristics, assessment of attitude, and satisfaction in using Kligman's formula. Data were tabulated and cleaned, and all statistical analyses were performed. ResultsA total of 292 participants met the inclusion criteria (26 males vs. 266 females) with a mean age of 26.9 (SD 7.71) years. Nearly 40% of participants showed a positive attitude in using Kligman's formula, while 46.9% were satisfied with using it. The most common reason for using Kligman's formula was to lighten the skin (55.8%), while skin redness was the most commonly reported adverse effect. Factors associated with increased attitude and satisfaction were using Kligman's formula based on a doctor's prescription and regular follow-up with a dermatologist. ConclusionThe general population showed an improper attitude toward using Kligman's formula. However, a better attitude and satisfaction rate can be seen among those using Kligman's formula with prescription and those who regularly visit a dermatologist.

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“…Skin lightening practices have escalated worldwide in an attempt to enhance skin tone. A study conducted in the Northern Region of Saudi Arabia by Alrayyes, Alrayyes, & Farooq Dar (2020) highlights the increasing use of skin lightening products. Various reasons and beliefs were found behind these practices.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Frequency of Use of Skin-Lightening Products, Levels of Self-Esteem and Colorism Attitudes in University Students of Karachi: A Cross Sectional Study

Masood¹,

Haque²,

Rasheed³

et al. 2022

GJHS

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The objective of our study was to determine the frequency of use of skin lightening/whitening products, level of self-esteem among university students, and any association between them. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Jinnah Medical and Dental College and the University of Karachi over a period of 12 months on a convenient sample of 499 students of both genders. Self-esteem was measured using Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale, and the use of skin whitening products and attitude towards skin color was determined using a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS 21.0. Out of n = 499 participants, 30.9% (n = 155) responded that they had used skin lightening products during their life. Of those who said yes, 15.1% (n = 76) responded that they are currently using such products. 63.8% (n = 321) classified their complexion as medium, 29.8% (n = 150) classified it as fair and 5.2% (n = 26) classified themselves as having dark complexion. 73% (n = 367) of people were completely satisfied with their complexion, while 20.1% (n = 101) wished for a lighter shade. Self-esteem scores were calculated, and it was found that 89.9% (n = 452) participants had scores above 15, and only 9.3% (n = 47) participants had low self-esteem, having scores below 15. Only 1% (n = 5) having dark complexion, 5.4% (n = 27) having medium complexion and 2.8% (n = 14) fair suffered from low self-esteem score. The frequency of use of skin lightening products was found to be low in university students from the sample population. The majority had good self-esteem and were satisfied with their complexion. There was no relationship between complexion and self-esteem in the study sample.

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Skin‐lightening practices behind the veil: An epidemiological study among Saudi women

Cited by 13 publications

References 18 publications

A Cross-Sectional Study of the Knowledge, Practice, and Attitude Towards Skin-Lightening Products Among the General Population in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia

A Cross-Sectional Study of the Knowledge, Practice, and Attitude Towards Skin-Lightening Products Among the General Population in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia

Attitude Toward Using the Triple Combination Bleaching Formula and Related Outcomes: A Cross-Sectional Study

Frequency of Use of Skin-Lightening Products, Levels of Self-Esteem and Colorism Attitudes in University Students of Karachi: A Cross Sectional Study

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