Skin manifestations of COVID‐19 in children: Part 1

Abstract

Summary The current COVID‐19 pandemic is caused by the SARS‐CoV‐2 coronavirus. The initial recognized symptoms were respiratory, sometimes culminating in severe respiratory distress requiring ventilation, and causing death in a percentage of those infected. As time has passed, other symptoms have been recognized. The initial reports of cutaneous manifestations were from Italian dermatologists, probably because Italy was the first European country to be heavily affected by the pandemic. The overall clinical presentation, course and outcome of SARS‐CoV‐2 infection in children differ from those in adults as do the cutaneous manifestations of childhood. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the cutaneous manifestations of COVID‐19 in children after thorough and critical review of articles published in the literature and from the personal experience of a large panel of paediatric dermatologists in Europe. In Part 1, we discuss one of the first and most widespread cutaneous manifestation of COVID‐19, chilblain‐like lesions. In Part 2, we review other manifestations, including erythema multiforme, urticaria and Kawasaki disease‐like inflammatory multisystemic syndrome, while in Part 3, we discuss the histological findings of COVID‐19 manifestations, and the testing and management of infected children, for both COVID‐19 and any other pre‐existing conditions.

Chilblains in a child with confirmed SARS‐CoV‐2 infection: a red flag for late‐onset skin manifestation in previously infected individuals

“…Nothing to disclose. I. Neri, 1 F. Conti, 2, * A. Virdi, 1 A. Guglielmo, 1 L. Leonardi, 3 I. Corsini, 4 C. Ghizzi, 5 L. Gabrielli, 6 T. Lazzarotto, 6 M. Lanari, 4 A. Patrizi, 1 C. Misciali 1 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.17194…”

“…A validated serological test was done to assess the presence of antibodies. 4 A conditional logistic regression model was used to compare the prevalence of antibodies in both groups. All analyses were done with R software (version 4.0.3).…”

“…[1][2][3] Emerging literature regarding this possible correlation focuses on two hypotheses: an endothelial infection or the result of an IFN type I-mediated immune response. 4,5 We present the case of a 6-year-old girl with confirmed mild COVID-19 and late-onset chilblains.…”

Transient cutaneous manifestations after administration of Pfizer‐BioNTech COVID‐19 Vaccine: an Italian single‐centre case series

“…[1][2][3] They include vesicular or maculo-papular skin rashes, livedoid/necrotic lesions, urticaria, chilblains-like lesions and drug induced eruptions. 1 Clinical trial results for BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine reported mild-to-moderate pain at the injection site within 7 days after administration, with severe pain in <1% of participants and redness or swelling in a lower percentage. Local reactions incidence did not increase after the second dose and were mostly mild-to-moderate and resolved within 1-2 days.…”

Putting the spotlight on paediatric dermatology

“…Included in this issue are articles regarding vascular malformations, 1 tumours 2,3 and inflammation. 4 Infectious diseases are discussed, including a review of coronavirus-related sequelae [5][6][7] and Mycoplasma infections. 8 Approaches to birthmarks are discussed, and there are excellent reviews on paediatric rosacea 9 and morphoea.…”