Skin Microbiome & Host Immunity: Applications in Regenerative Cosmetics & Transdermal Drug Delivery

Abstract

Recent advances in our understanding of the function of the skin and its microbiome have shown that there is a strong symbiotic relationship between the microbiota of the skin and its host immune functions. The dysbiosis or imbalance of the microbiome and other factors that have an influence on the surface microbiota can influence keratinocyte regulation and homeostasis as well as the skin barrier function. In this perspective paper, we review the evidence that connects the skin's microbiome and the barrier function of the epidermis and explore the future potential for applying this unique dialogue in developing innovative cosmetics and transdermal drugs for wellbeing and beauty.

Retracted: Exploring the Microbiome and Mindfulness Connection

“…At this time, there is enough evidence to support that there is much to be explored in this field; we have only touched the surface. Understanding the GBA will undoubtedly help us understand how we as individuals are influenced by external and internal forces – forces that are greater than what we once simply considered – that of either a diseased or a healthy state [ 42 ]. The microbiome encourages us to look closer at the impact of the ‘environment’ and ‘lifestyle’, to have a more comprehensive approach to creating a healthy state [ 43 ].…”

Perspective: Stabilizing the Microbiome Skin-Gut-Brain Axis with Natural Plant Botanical Ingredients in Cosmetics

“…The immune cells in the surface layer are primarily the mediators of this communication in the host through a complex immune signaling pathway. Both the innate and adaptive immune system play a role in this dialogue, affecting the various host immune organs like the lymph nodes, liver, and spleen as well as creating an interaction between the gut and skin [1,5]. Detailing the interaction of the host immune system and microorganisms is beyond the scope of this publication.…”

“…Detailing the interaction of the host immune system and microorganisms is beyond the scope of this publication. However, several recent papers have elaborated the major role of Toll-like receptor (TLR) cells, dendritic cells, natural killer cells (NK cells), and Langerhans cells in microbial interactions and in passing on the effects of these interactions through an immunological cascade in the host [1][2][3][4][5].…”

“…An interrelationship is postulated between personal composition (also known as the "Dosha") and the environment. It is interesting to consider the similarities of this concept with that of the microbiome and host [1,18]. Recent research in herbal medicine, although limited, has shown the effects of plant botanical on keratinocyte proliferation, the reduction of inflammation, and the stimulation of wound healing [19,20].…”

“…The surface microbiome opens a new dimension in looking at the very intricate communication between the external environment and the human body [1]. With a unique signature to each host, the microbiome forms a cloud of microorganisms that have specific interactions with each other and with the immune system of the host.…”