Skin microbiota–host interactions

Chen, Y. Erin; Fischbach, Michael A.; Belkaid, Yasmine

doi:10.1038/nature25177

Cited by 539 publications

(464 citation statements)

References 162 publications

(161 reference statements)

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“…Commensals are considered essential to maintain skin homoeostasis. They protect the skin from its colonization by pathogens, stimulate production of the complement system and cytokines involved in the initiation and maintenance of an immune response . Furthermore, microbiota helps to decrease the magnitude of inflammation and promotes tissue repair …”

Section: Immunology Cross‐talk—microbes Influence Immunological Statumentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A vast range of external factors connected with for example, vaginal or caesarean delivery, living environment (sunlight exposure, air temperature and humidity), lifestyle habits or used cosmetics, along with probable genetic predispositions to particular microbiotas, shape the skin microbiome and result in high interpersonal variabilities . Hair follicles (HFs) extending from the skin surface to the dermis or subcutaneous tissue with direct connection to the sebaceous gland (“pilosebaceous unit”) create a unique lipid‐rich hydrophobic niche . Whereas many studies have confirmed the presence of numerous bacteria and fungi within the follicular opening and upper part of the HF (the infundibulum), only single studies have reported on microbes located deeply in the follicle …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The role of the microbiome in scalp hair follicle biology and disease

Polak-Witka

Rudnicka

Blume-Peytavi

et al. 2019

Experimental Dermatology

100

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The skin surface microbiome and its role in skin diseases have received increasing attention over the past years. Beyond, there is evidence for a continuous exchange with the cutaneous immune system in healthy skin, where hair follicles (HFs) provide unique anatomical niches. Especially, scalp HFs form large tubular invaginations, which extend deeply into the skin and harbour a variety of microorganisms. The distinct immunology of HFs with enhanced immune cell trafficking in superficial compartments in juxtaposition to immune‐privileged sites crucial for hair follicle cycling and regeneration makes this organ a highly susceptible structure. Depending on composition and penetration depth, microbiota may cause typical infections, but may also contribute to pro‐inflammatory environment in chronic inflammatory scalp diseases. Involvement in hair cycle regulation and immune cell maturation has been postulated. Herein, we review recent insights in hair follicle microbiome, immunology and penetration research and discuss clinical implications for scalp health and disease.

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Section: Immunology Cross‐talk—microbes Influence Immunological Statumentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of the microbiome in scalp hair follicle biology and disease

Polak-Witka

Rudnicka

Blume-Peytavi

et al. 2019

Experimental Dermatology

100

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“…The cell wall plays a role in adhesion between fungi themselves, and between fungi and other living cells. It is composed of polysaccharides such as β‐glucans and chitin, and glycoproteins . Chitin chains are interconnected by hydrogen bonds to form several layers and are covalently bound to networked β‐glucans and glycoproteins on their external side .…”

Section: Dermatophyte Biology and Mechanisms Of Cutaneous Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Components and thickness of fungal cell walls vary between species. Still poorly characterized in dermatophytes, it is composed of chitin, β‐glucans, mannans and galactomannans …”

Section: Dermatophyte Biology and Mechanisms Of Cutaneous Infectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In vitro models of dermatophyte infection to investigate epidermal barrier alterations

Faway

Rouvroit

Poumay

2018

Experimental Dermatology

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Dermatophytosis is a superficial fungal infection of keratinized structures caused by specific filamentous fungi named dermatophytes. In humans, the incidence of dermatophytosis is elevated and continuously increasing, rendering it a public health concern. The pathogeny of dermatophytosis remains poorly understood, partly due to the difficulties to set up a relevant model allowing the study of both the invasion of keratinized structures by fungi, and its impact on host tissue architecture and functions. Recently, the development of human cultured skin equivalents has led to some advances. This review aims to summarize current knowledge about dermatophytosis and then focuses on in vitro models to investigate the alterations of the epidermal barrier in response to fungal infection. | DERMATOPHY TOS IS AND DERMATOPHY TE SDermatophytosis is an infection of superficial keratinized epidermal layers, as well as hairs and nails, which is caused by keratinolytic filamentous fungi named dermatophytes.[1] Numerous dermatophyte species are grouped according to their ecological Genome sequencing, especially analysis of the polymorphisms inside the variable rDNA regions known as internal transcribed spacers (ITS), has provided phylogenetic criteria for improved species identification.[4] A revised classification of dermatophytes was proposed, [5][6][7] based on DNA sequences of five different loci, including ITS, on morphology and physiology in culture, and on geo-, zoo-or anthropophilic ecology (Table 1). This review is concerned with anthropophilic and zoophilic dermatophytes frequently responsible for human infections.Dermatophytosis is responsible for 3%-4% of dermatological cases and is the most common fungal infection in humans, with a prevalence estimated around 20%-25%. [8,9] In addition, its prevalence is continuously raising due to increased risk factors such as sport activities, type 2 diabetes, vascular diseases or ageing. Modern mobility further increases the dissemination of anthropophilic dermatophytes that extend in previously poorly affected geographical areas. [10,11] Among the species capable of infecting human skin,Trichophyton rubrum is the most frequently involved, being responsible for 50%-90% of dermatophytoses in humans. [9,12] The annual health expense cost of dermatophytosis is estimated to more than 500 million of US dollars.[13] | Dermatophyte infections induce various clinical picturesThe clinical signs of dermatophytosis result from both the degradation of keratinized tissues caused by fungal processes, as well as from the specific immune response of the infected host.Zoophilic species, probably less adapted to human hosts, generate more severe inflammatory responses than anthropophilic species. [6,14] Usual signs include dryness, desquamation, cracks and erythema of the skin of the feet, scalp or other body locations.Infections in hairless areas and nails, principally due to Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton interdigitale, are the most frequent in industrialized countries. Scalp infections, ...

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“…Here, we used two simple experimental setups to study whether a short‐time contact with natural materials can change bacterial diversity on human skin. We concentrated on skin microbiota, as it has complex interactions with immune system; for example, commensal microbes can promote immune homeostasis and pathogen resistance (Chen, Fischbach, & Belkaid, ). Indeed, several skin disorders have been linked with imbalance of skin microbiota (e.g., Rodriques Hoffman, ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Short‐term direct contact with soil and plant materials leads to an immediate increase in diversity of skin microbiota

et al. 2018

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Immune-mediated diseases have increased during the last decades in urban environments. The hygiene hypothesis suggests that increased hygiene level and reduced contacts with natural biodiversity are related to the increase in immune-mediated diseases. We tested whether short-time contact with microbiologically diverse nature-based materials immediately change bacterial diversity on human skin. We tested direct skin contact, as two volunteers rubbed their hands with sixteen soil and plant based materials, and an exposure via fabric packets filled with moss material. Skin swabs were taken before and after both exposures. Next-generation sequencing showed that exposures increased, at least temporarily, the total diversity of skin microbiota and the diversity of Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Alpha-, Beta- and Gammaproteobacteria suggesting that contact with nature-based materials modify skin microbiome and increase skin microbial diversity. Until now, approaches to cure or prevent immune system disorders using microbe-based treatments have been limited to use of a few microbial species. We propose that nature-based materials with high natural diversity, such as the materials tested here, might be more effective in modifying human skin microbiome, and eventually, in reducing immune system disorders. Future studies should investigate how long-term changes in skin microbiota are achieved and if the exposure induces beneficial changes in the immune system markers.

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Skin microbiota–host interactions

Cited by 539 publications

References 162 publications

The role of the microbiome in scalp hair follicle biology and disease

The role of the microbiome in scalp hair follicle biology and disease

In vitro models of dermatophyte infection to investigate epidermal barrier alterations

Short‐term direct contact with soil and plant materials leads to an immediate increase in diversity of skin microbiota

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