Skin penetration of inorganic and metallic nanoparticles

Abstract

Nanotechnology is a rapidly growing science of producing and utilizing nano-sized particles. These nanomaterials are already having an impact on health care. Nowadays we are using nanoproducts in various fields, and this leads to direct and indirect exposure in human. Skin is the largest organ of the body and functions as the first-line barrier between the external environment and the internal organs of the human body. Then people worry about the nanoparticle (NP) small enough to penetrate the skin. The potential of solid NPs to penetrate the stratum corneum and to diffuse into underlying structures raises a considerable health and safety issue for their topical use. We review the current state of knowledge on the potential risk to human health presented by skin penetration of NPs nanotechnologies, and explore the robustness of current research strategies and directions to ensure the development of "safe" and publicly accepted nano-based products and technologies.

Hybrid Nanofibrous Membranes as a Promising Functional Layer for Personal Protection Equipment: Manufacturing and Antiviral/Antibacterial Assessments

“…The plates were then incubated for 24 h at 37 ± 2 °C. The antibacterial activity was expressed as inhibition zone halos around the tested nanofibers [ 23 ]. Antibacterial kinetics of PVA-Ag and TPU-Ag nanofibers (1 cm × 1 cm) were evaluated using 50 mL of bacterial suspension with different concentrations (from 10 2 CFU/mL to 10 10 CFU/mL).…”

“…From the safety point-of-view, usage of AgNPs has multiparameters that control its toxicity, including its physicochemical properties, exposure route, dose, and duration. As human exposure to AgNPs embedded in the PPE may take place through the skin—the first line of defense with the external environment—the potential of NPs to penetrate healthy and breached human skin, as well as their ability to diffuse into underlying structures, has been well demonstrated [ 23 , 24 ]. Due to its potent antibacterial effect, AgNP is considered an excellent wound dressing and effective skin topical antibacterial agent with safe impacts on human health if used in reasonable quantities [ 25 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Health Impact of Silver Nanoparticles: A Review of the Biodistribution and Toxicity Following Various Routes of Exposure

“…Human exposure to AgNPs may also take place through the skin, the largest organ of the body and the first line of defense between the external environment and the internal environment. The potential of solid NPs to penetrate healthy and breached human skin, as well as their ability to diffuse into underlying structures, has been well demonstrated [98,99]. In this context, the use of AgNPs in cosmetics production has been estimated to reach up to 20%.…”

Prediction of microstructural evolution during hot forging

“…At the same time, while the approach provides information about the structure and properties that will be produced in a specific material subjected to a pre-assigned processing schedule, the calculations are required to be repeated afresh for any change in schedule or for a new material. The following are recently-reported examples of the prediction of the microstructural evolution for steels [36], magnesium alloy [37] and aluminum alloy [38] by using the phenomenological modelling method during the hot-forging process.…”

“…To determine and optimize the final microstructure and mechanical properties of the hot-forged microalloyed forged steel product, using the finite-element-method (FEM), it is necessary to develop mathematical models to predict the grain size during the forging process. The microstructural evolution of microalloyed steel during the hot-forging process was investigated by Wang [36]. The dynamic recrystallized fraction was described by utilizing a modification of the Avrami equation, the parameters of which were determined by single-hit compression tests, furthermore the static recrystallization kinetic equation and grain-growth model were established using double-hit isothermal compression tests [40].…”