Skin Pigmentation Types, Causes and Treatment—A Review

Thawabteh, Amin Mahmood; Jibreen, Alaa; Karaman, Donia; Thawabteh, Alà; Karaman, Rafik

doi:10.3390/molecules28124839

Cited by 46 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 202 publications

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“…Skin pigmentation is a highly conserved defense mechanism in skin tissues against deleterious factors, such as UV radiation [91]. However, excessive melanin production can result in pigmentary disorders, such as hyperpigmentation, melasma, and solar lentigines [92,93]. Considering the impact of facial hyperpigmentation on the quality of life of patients, there is an imperative need for novel cosmetic ingredients derived from natural sources to alleviate hyper-melanogenic conditions [94].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Lilium lancifolium Root Extract via Downregulation of PKA/CREB and MAPK/CREB Signaling Pathways in B16F10 Cells

Park,

Han,

Lee

et al. 2023

Plants

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Hyperpigmentation disorders causing emotional distress require the topical use of depigmenting agents of natural origin. In this study, the anti-melanogenic effects of the Lilium lancifolium root extract (LRE) were investigated in B16F10 cells. Consequently, a non-cytotoxic concentration of the extract reduced intracellular melanin content and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner, correlating with the diminished expression of core melanogenic enzymes within cells. LRE treatment also inhibited cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element-binding protein (CREB)/microphthalmia-associated transcription factor signaling, which regulates the expression of tyrosinase-related genes. Upon examining these findings from a molecular mechanism perspective, LRE treatment suppressed the phosphorylation of protein kinase A (PKA), p38, and extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), which are upstream regulators of CREB. In addition, L-phenylalanine and regaloside A, specifically identified within the LRE using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, exhibited inhibitory effects on melanin production. Collectively, these results imply that LRE potentially suppresses cAMP-mediated melanogenesis by downregulating PKA/CREB and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/CREB signaling pathways. Therefore, it can be employed as a novel therapeutic ingredient of natural origin to ameliorate hyperpigmentation disorders.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Lilium lancifolium Root Extract via Downregulation of PKA/CREB and MAPK/CREB Signaling Pathways in B16F10 Cells

Park,

Han,

Lee

et al. 2023

Plants

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“…TYR has been recognized as a key target for the screening of novel bioactive agents for dermatological disorders based on melanin accumulation. TYR catalyzes the two limiting reactions of melanin biosynthesis: the hydroxylation of L-tyrosine to L-DOPA (monophenolase activity), which is oxidized to form dopaquinone (diphenolase activity) [ 14 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical Profile and Health-Promoting Activities of Crataegus laciniata (Rosaceae) Flowers

Mirabile,

D’Angelo,

Germanò

et al. 2023

Plants

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In the present study, we focused our attention on Crataegus laciniata Ucria (Rosaceae), which is wild growing in western Sicily (Italy). The chemical profile of the C. laciniata flower’s (CLF) ethanolic (70%) extract showed the presence of both C-flavonoid and O-flavonoid derivatives. Beyond the main metabolites, like hyperoside and vitexin, there are several luteolin derivates, in addition to catechin and epicatechin dimers or trimers. Regarding the antioxidant activities, CLF showed a strong ability to scavenge DPPH and ABTS radicals and a good Fe3+-reducing antioxidant power. The investigation into the key enzymes in diabetes showed strong inhibition on α-amylase and α-glucosidase, whereas the skin-whitening properties are linked to inhibitory effects on tyrosinase. Moreover, we employed Danio rerio (zebrafish) for toxicity assessment, as it represents an ideal in vivo model due to its high correlation with humans in response to pharmaceutical and cosmetic testing. Zebrafish embryos exposed to CLF (25–100 µg/mL) showed marked depigmentation compared to phenylthiourea (PTU), in addition to a high survival percentage and the absence of malformations. In conclusion, this experimental study outlines that C. laciniata flowers could be a potential source of bioactive compounds for application in the pharmaceutical and cosmeceutical industries.

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“…The benefits of glycolic acid, particularly its ability to illuminate the complexion, are widely recognized 31 . The use of specific skincare products can help reduce hyperpigmentation, characterized by dark spots and sun damage, and can also help improve skin tone 32 . This has resulted in the creation of a more luminous and vibrant complex.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring the efficacy of AHA–BHA infused nanofiber skin masks as a topical treatment for acne vulgaris

Tören,

Mazari,

Buzgo

2024

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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This study investigates the efficacy of AHA–BHA infused nanofiber skin masks as a topical treatment for acne vulgaris. The skin is a vital organ that functions as a barrier to protect the body from external substances. In recent years, there has been a growing emphasis on skin treatment research. Hyaluronic acids (HAs) are commonly used in cosmetic and drug formulations to regulate excessive skin cornification, making them promising candidates for acne treatment. The introduction of HAs in dermatology has revolutionized the field of skin care, and they are used to treat various skin disorders, such as acne, ichthyosis, keratoses, warts, psoriasis, and photoaged skin. The antiaging benefits of HA have gained considerable attention in cosmetic dermatology, resulting in a surge in cosmetic products and skin care systems that contain HA. The study found that AHA–BHA‐infused nanofiber skin masks are effective in treating acne vulgaris. The nanofiber masks were found to reduce inflammation, sebum production, and acne lesions. The study suggests that AHA–BHA‐infused nanofiber skin masks could be a promising topical treatment for acne vulgaris.

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Skin Pigmentation Types, Causes and Treatment—A Review

Cited by 46 publications

References 202 publications

Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Lilium lancifolium Root Extract via Downregulation of PKA/CREB and MAPK/CREB Signaling Pathways in B16F10 Cells

Anti-Melanogenic Effects of Lilium lancifolium Root Extract via Downregulation of PKA/CREB and MAPK/CREB Signaling Pathways in B16F10 Cells

Chemical Profile and Health-Promoting Activities of Crataegus laciniata (Rosaceae) Flowers

Exploring the efficacy of AHA–BHA infused nanofiber skin masks as a topical treatment for acne vulgaris

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