Skin Resistance, Sweat‐gland Counts, Salivary Flow, and Gastric Secretion: Age, Race, and Sex Differences, Andintercorrelations

Juniper, Kerrison; Dykman, Roscoe A.

doi:10.1111/j.1469-8986.1967.tb02759.x

Cited by 49 publications

(15 citation statements)

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“…Sweat gland counts and SR measures 107 were also recorded in parallel by Juniper and Dykman (1967) from different clinical groups of both genders. They confirmed lower SRLs and lower sweat gland counts in African-Americans as compared to Caucasians for both females and males.…”

Section: Ethnic Differences and Heritabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodermal Activity

Boucsein

2012

1,613

1,589

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except for brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis. Use in connection with any form of information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed is forbidden. The use in this publication of trade names, trademarks, service marks, and similar terms, even if they are not identified as such, is not to be taken as an expression of opinion as to whether or not they are subject to proprietary rights.Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Foreword to the Second EditionAs noted by David Lykken in the foreword to the first edition of this book, electrodermal activity was observed for the first time in Germany. A quartercentury later the scientific study of psychology also originated in Germany. Over time, however, the focus of psychological research, including the then new field of psychophysiology, shifted to the United States and Great Britain. This trend to the dominance of the United States and Great Britain was prolonged by the devastation of World War II and its aftermath in Germany (and elsewhere in continental Europe). Slowly at first and then more rapidly, German psychological science, including psychophysiology, recovered. For several decades German psychophysiologists have been a major force in psychophysiology. With the publication of the first English edition of this book in 1992, it became essential for electrodermal researchers worldwide again to learn from our German colleagues.When I came into psychophysiology in the mid-1960s, electrodermal activity was the most common system studied. Because of its popularity, a large literature had emerged on the physiological mechanisms producing these changes in the electrical properties of the skin and on the best methodology for recording them. Major reviews and/or chapters had been published or soon were to be published by Peter Venables and Irene Martin, Robert Edelberg, and David Lykken. Later reviews and articles were published by Venables and Margaret Christie, and by me. A chapter in 1990 by Michael Dawson, Anne Schell, and Diane Filion was especially noteworthy for its coverage of the psychological applications of electrodermal measures.Note that all these publications were journal articles and chapters and that most of them focused almost entirely on mechanisms and methodology. The publication of this book, first in German and then in English, provided the first book on electrodermal activity, and one that extensively covers psychological applications as well as mechanisms and methodology. Again to quote David Lykken back in 1992, "The return of German scholarship to what I shall loftily call the high table of psychophysiology is exemplified by this fine book, the most comprehensive treatise on the electrodermal system to appear in any language . . ." I completely agree with v that evaluation. Professor Boucsein's outstanding scholarship has produced a book of such breadth of coverage ...

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Section: Ethnic Differences and Heritabilitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrodermal Activity

Boucsein

2012

1,613

1,589

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“…The active sweat glands for one region (axilla) have not been investigated, so this value was taken to be 90% of that reported in Table 1. Sources: Clark and Lhamon [60], Ogata [63], Randall [64], Thompson [65], Willis et al [66], Roberts et al [78], Sato and Dobson [85], Inoue et al [86], Kondo et al [87], Peter and Wyndham [88], Buono [89], Gibson and Shelley [90], MacKinnon [91] (with the original calculation error corrected), Collins et al, [92], Hellon and Lind [93], Silver et al [94], Ojikutu [95], Sargent and Weinman [96], Juniper and Dykman [97], Toda [98], Bar-Or et al [99], Knip [100], Knip [101], Schaefer et al [102], Catania et al [103], Behm et al [104], Inoue et al [105], Kondo et al [106], Inoue et al [107], Welch et al [108] and Madeira et al [109]. …”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Regional variations in transepidermal water loss, eccrine sweat gland density, sweat secretion rates and electrolyte composition in resting and exercising humans

2013

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Literature from the past 168 years has been filtered to provide a unified summary of the regional distribution of cutaneous water and electrolyte losses. The former occurs via transepidermal water vapour diffusion and secretion from the eccrine sweat glands. Daily insensible water losses for a standardised individual (surface area 1.8 m2) will be 0.6–2.3 L, with the hands (80–160 g.h−1) and feet (50–150 g.h−1) losing the most, the head and neck losing intermediate amounts (40–75 g.h−1) and all remaining sites losing 15–60 g.h−1. Whilst sweat gland densities vary widely across the skin surface, this same individual would possess some 2.03 million functional glands, with the highest density on the volar surfaces of the fingers (530 glands.cm−2) and the lowest on the upper lip (16 glands.cm−2). During passive heating that results in a resting whole-body sweat rate of approximately 0.4 L.min−1, the forehead (0.99 mg.cm−2.min−1), dorsal fingers (0.62 mg.cm−2.min−1) and upper back (0.59 mg.cm−2.min−1) would display the highest sweat flows, whilst the medial thighs and anterior legs will secrete the least (both 0.12 mg.cm−2.min−1). Since sweat glands selectively reabsorb electrolytes, the sodium and chloride composition of discharged sweat varies with secretion rate. Across whole-body sweat rates from 0.72 to 3.65 mg.cm−2.min−1, sodium losses of 26.5–49.7 mmol.L−1 could be expected, with the corresponding chloride loss being 26.8–36.7 mmol.L−1. Nevertheless, there can be threefold differences in electrolyte losses across skin regions. When exercising in the heat, local sweat rates increase dramatically, with regional glandular flows becoming more homogeneous. However, intra-regional evaporative potential remains proportional to each local surface area. Thus, there is little evidence that regional sudomotor variations reflect an hierarchical distribution of sweating either at rest or during exercise.

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“…Studies with aged squirrel monkeys have shown a decreased febrile response to both intravenous and intraventricular injec tion of endotoxin even though leukocytes from aged monkeys produced LP in vitro [Clark et al, 1980]. In addition to a de creased central nervous system response to LP, an aging peripheral vascular system in some elderly persons may result in decreased ability to vasoconstrict, shiver, and drive the core body temperature higher [Collins et ah, 1977;Juniper and Dykman, 1967], Future studies should address these responses to a pyrogenic stimulus in elderly volunteers. In all likelihood, the diminished response of the elderly to infection is multifactorial and not a result of chronological age alone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fever in the Elderly

et al. 1984

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In an attempt to explain the diminished febrile response of the elderly, we studied the first step in fever generation, that of production of leukocytic pyrogen (LP) by monocytes. Monocytes from 25 healthy elderly volunteers (ages 65–91) and 24 healthy young volunteers (ages 17–38) were stimulated with Staphylococcus epidermidis to release LP; LP activity in the culture supematants was assayed by measuring the pyrogenic response in rabbits and rats and the fall in plasma iron and zinc in rats. Monocytes from elderly volunteers produced slightly less LP than monocytes from young volunteers, but the difference was not statistically significant. The amount of LP produced was not correlated with age. Therefore, the diminished febrile response of the elderly is not the result of an intrinsic defect in the monocyte’s ability to make LP. Other explanations relating to the central effect of LP and the effector response to LP in the elderly should be sought.

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Skin Resistance, Sweat‐gland Counts, Salivary Flow, and Gastric Secretion: Age, Race, and Sex Differences, Andintercorrelations

Cited by 49 publications

References 10 publications

Electrodermal Activity

Electrodermal Activity

Regional variations in transepidermal water loss, eccrine sweat gland density, sweat secretion rates and electrolyte composition in resting and exercising humans

Fever in the Elderly

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