Skin Structure, Function, and Permeation

Benson, Heather A. E.

doi:10.1002/9781118140505.ch1

Cited by 63 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Deviations in permeation responses could also be attributed to HC lipophilicity (log P = 1.61, Biopharmaceutics Classification System Class II), hindering its diffusion through the different skin layers, particularly from the outer skin layer to the more aqueous environments (epidermis tissue) [29,98]. However, this observation is not a real drawback, since it addresses a safer topical administration.…”

Section: Ivptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressing Towards the Sustainable Development of Cream Formulations

2020

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This work aims at providing the assumptions to assist the sustainable development of cream formulations. Specifically, it envisions to rationalize and predict the effect of formulation and process variability on a 1% hydrocortisone cream quality profile, interplaying microstructure properties with product performance and stability. This tripartite analysis was supported by a Quality by Design approach, considering a three-factor, three-level Box–Behnken design. Critical material attributes and process parameters were identified from a failure mode, effects, and criticality analysis. The impact of glycerol monostearate amount, isopropyl myristate amount, and homogenization rate on relevant quality attributes was estimated crosswise. The significant variability in product droplet size, viscosity, thixotropic behavior, and viscoelastic properties demonstrated a noteworthy influence on hydrocortisone release profile (112±2-196±7 μg/cm2/√h) and permeation behavior (0.16±0.03-0.97±0.08 μg/cm2/h), and on the assay, instability index and creaming rate, with values ranging from 81.9 to 120.5%, 0.031±0.012 to 0.28±0.13 and from 0.009±0.000 to 0.38±0.07 μm/s, respectively. The release patterns were not straightforwardly correlated with the permeation behavior. Monitoring the microstructural parameters, through the balanced adjustment of formulation and process variables, is herein highlighted as the key enabler to predict cream performance and stability. Finally, based on quality targets and response constraints, optimal working conditions were successfully attained through the establishment of a design space.

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Section: Ivptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressing Towards the Sustainable Development of Cream Formulations

2020

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“…But topical delivery is difficult due to its high lipophilicity (log P 8) [5] . Many studies have demonstrated that molecules with intermediate lipophilicity (log P, o/w of 2-3) can permeate via both the lipid and polar micro environments within the intercellular route [6] . To overcome the drawback of high lipophilicity, B. serrata has been formulated as nanoemulsion [7] , nanomicelle [1] and nanogel [8] so as to enhance permeability on topical application.…”

Section: Research Papermentioning

confidence: 99%

Topical Nanoemmigel Formulation of Boswellia serrata

Harsha¹,

Shreya²

2018

pharmaceutical-sciences

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Kathpalia and Shreya: Boswellia serrata NanoemmigelBoswellia serrata was formulated as topical analgesic and antiinflammatory nanoemmigel, which is a combination of a nanoemulsion and a nanomicellar system in a gel base. Nanoemulsion was formulated by microemulsion-template method by using probe sonication at 5 amp for 5 min. Particle size of nanoemulsion was found to be 141 nm and polydispersity index of 0.333. Nanomicelle was formulated at a ratio 1:1 of drug and surfactant and 1:10 of solvent and antisolvent using solvent evaporation method. The particle size and polydispersity index of the nanomicelle was found to be 31.07 nm and 0.205, respectively. Nanoemmigel was prepared by combining nanoemulsion and nanomicelle in the ratio 1:1 with Carbopol 974 as a gelling agent. The nanoemmigel prepared was a buff-coloured, opaque gel with smooth texture and good spreadability. Viscosity and drug content of the nanoemmigel was 50720 cps and 103±1.08 %, respectively. In vitro diffusion study of nanoemmigel showed 98.52±1.53 % drug permeation at the end of 5 h. The drug release mechanism of the nanoemmigel formulation can be explained using the Higuchi model. The steady state flux and permeability co-efficient of the nanoemmigel was found to be better than each of nanoemulsion gel and nanomicellar gel due to the utilization of both the pathways available to the drug for permeation through the skin. Improved therapeutic response was obtained as compared to nanoemulsion gel, nanomicellar gel, emulgel and also marketed topical product of Boswellia when examined for in vivo antiinflammatory and analgesic activity in animal models

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“…The primary function of the skin is to provide a barrier between the body and the external environment. This barrier protects against the permeation of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, chemicals, allergens and microorganisms, in addition to the loss of moisture and body nutrients [ 8 ]. This means that the absorptive capacity of healthy skin for substances from the outside is very limited.…”

Section: Magnesium Absorption Transdermalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Myth or Reality—Transdermal Magnesium?

Gröber¹,

Werner²,

Vormann³

et al. 2017

Nutrients

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In the following review, we evaluated the current literature and evidence-based data on transdermal magnesium application and show that the propagation of transdermal magnesium is scientifically unsupported. The importance of magnesium and the positive effects of magnesium supplementation are extensively documented in magnesium deficiency, e.g., cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. The effectiveness of oral magnesium supplementation for the treatment of magnesium deficiency has been studied in detail. However, the proven and well-documented oral magnesium supplementation has become questioned in the recent years through intensive marketing for its transdermal application (e.g., magnesium-containing sprays, magnesium flakes, and magnesium salt baths). In both, specialist and lay press as well as on the internet, there are increasing numbers of articles claiming the effectiveness and superiority of transdermal magnesium over an oral application. It is claimed that the transdermal absorption of magnesium in comparison to oral application is more effective due to better absorption and fewer side effects as it bypasses the gastrointestinal tract.

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Skin Structure, Function, and Permeation

Cited by 63 publications

References 85 publications

Progressing Towards the Sustainable Development of Cream Formulations

Progressing Towards the Sustainable Development of Cream Formulations

Topical Nanoemmigel Formulation of Boswellia serrata

Myth or Reality—Transdermal Magnesium?

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